HBSE 1 Midterm

Question 1

Purposes of the SW profession

Answer 1

to promote human and community well-being. Guided by a person in environment construct, a global perspective, respect for human diversity, and knowledge based on scientific inquiry. Actualized through: a. quest for social and economic justice. b. prevention of conditions that limit human rights. c. elimination of poverty (emphasis on social justice). d. enhancement of quality of life for all persons.

Question 2

Basic assumptions of HBSE/Schriver tex

Answer 2

you can just look at one aspect without considering the others; you cannot separate them; HBSE vs. SEHB 1. How we view the world and its people directly affects the way we will practice social work. 2. The way we view the world and its people already affects the way we behave in our daily lives. 3. Our work as social workers and our lives are not separate from each other. 4. Our lives are not separate from the lives of the people with whom we work and interact. 5. While our lives are interconnected with the lives of the people with whom we work and interact we differ from each other in many ways. As social workers we must respect these differences and learn from them. 6. The assumptions we make about ourselves and others are strongly influenced by our individual and collective histories and cultures. 7. Change is a constant part of our lives and the lives of the people with whom we work with.

Question 3

Paradigm shift

Answer 3

a profound change in the thoughts, perceptions, and values that form a particular vision of reality

Question 4

Empowerment

Answer 4

the process through which people gain the power and resources necessary to shape their worlds and reach their full human potential; empowerment in the essence of social work: to preserve and restore human dignity, to benefit from and celebrate the diversities of humans, and to transform ourselves and our society into one that welcomes and supports the voices, the potential, they ways of knowing, the energies of us all; not giving to people but helping them re-discover their own worth. *Refer to diagram in slide show notes.

Question 5

Critical thinking

Answer 5

the careful and deliberate determination of whether to accept, reject or suspend judgment about a claim. 1. A predisposition to question conclusions that concern client care and welfare. 2. Asking “does it work?” and “how do you know?” when confronted with claims that a method helps clients, and also questioning generalizations about treatment methods. 3. Weighing evidence for and against assertions in a logical, rational, systematic, data-based way. 4. Analyzing arguments to see what is being argued, spotting and explaining common fallacies in reasoning and applying basic methodological principles of scientific reasoning.

Question 6

Deconstruction

Answer 6

a process of analyzing “texts” or perspectives “that is sensitive…to marginalized voices” and “biased knowledge”; identifies the biases in the text, views them as problematic, and ‘decenters’ them. This requires us to not accept the constructs used as given: instead we look at them in relation to social, historical, and political contexts; tearing something apart and putting it back together

Question 7

Race-as biological vs. social:

Answer 7

Genotype- genetic structure or foundation

Phenotype- physical characteristics and appearance

Race & power: The sorting of people into different races or that in the modern era has generally been done by powerful groups for the purposes of maintain and extending their own power. Race can be powerful too, either for oppression or for group self-actualization.

Question 8

Social work and cultural competence

Answer 8

• a set of cultural behaviors and attitudes integrated into the practice methods of a system, agency, or its professionals, that enables them to work effectively (to broad of range) in cross cultural situations. *This is one of the most critical aspects of social work practice.

Question 9

Surface structure:

Answer 9

use people, places, language, music, food, and clothing familiar to and preferred by the target audience; attracting the target audience. Example: Pro’s Ranch Market

Question 10

Deep structure

Answer 10

understanding the history; involves socio-demographic and racial/ethnic population differences and the influences of ethnic, cultural, social, environmental, and historical factors on behaviors. Example: Enlace Communitario, address barriers for undocumented people

Question 11

Ethnicity

Answer 11

a social identity based on the culture of one’s ancestors’ national or tribal groups as modified by the demands of the culture in which one group currently resides.

Question 12

Ethnic classification

Answer 12

how people view you at sight; “outside to in”

Question 13

Ethnic identity

Answer 13

how you choose to identify; source of pride “inside to out”

Question 14

Race

Answer 14

scientists have concluded that “race is primarily about culture and social structure, not biology…while it has some relationship to biology…it is primarily a sociopolitical construct”.

Question 15

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm:

Positivistic

Answer 15

belief that knowledge is gained through objective observations about the world around us; trained to see things in the environment; learn things via our senses (no emotional connection)

Question 16

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm:

Scientific

Answer 16

series of steps for conducting research and a set of prescriptions about how scientific knowledge should be created and judged; use of data;

Question 17

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm:

Objective

Answer 17

viewing things as they “really” are; studying; unbiased

Question 18

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm:

Qualitative

Answer 18

all materials are potentially quantifiable; gathering data; measurable qualities; seeks answers to questions by making generalizations about people and things “based on precisely measured quantities”

Question 19

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm:Masculinity/Patriarchy

Answer 19

Emphasis on valuing masculine attributes has led to patriarchy; The ideal of independence, pull yourself up by the boot straps, will, strength, emotionally reserved, aggressive, integrity, sexual potency, dominance, in-charge; *Consequence for women: Inferior, controlled, and culturally devalued

Question 20

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant

Whiteness

Answer 20

people have come to be judged according to standards that reflect the values, attitudes, experiences, and historical perspectives of white persons, particularly of European decent; whiteness is the standard (Refer to ethnocentrism and levels of racism)

Question 21

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm:Separate/Impersonal/Competitive:

Answer 21

seeing world through dichotomies/binary oppositions (“in or out”, “us/them”, “either/or”, “we/they”); Separateness is seen in the traditional concern for separation of mind (thought) from body (physical); not cooperative or reciprocal; separation of realms of self; SW has a history of struggling with dualities; Impersonality and separateness are also associated closely with such valued masculine attributes as independence, autonomy, and individuality.

Question 22

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigmPrivilege

Answer 22

the benefits that accrue to those who define fit, and enforce the processes, attributes, perspectives, standards, and ways of relating that characterize the traditional paradigm; having access to services (housing, qualification, health, insurances, economic capital);

Question 23

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm: Standard of rightness

Answer 23

the norm used to judge all other persons

Question 24

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm: Standard norm

Answer 24

not necessarily a majority

Question 25

Characteristics of the traditional, dominant paradigm:White privilege

Answer 25

in the US society, the ability to exert power and control over others is often associated with whiteness

Question 26

Characteristics of the alternative paradigm:

Answer 26

the alternative paradigms we explore evaluate persons’ worth and importance according to standards of the inherent worth and dignity of all humans, and specially recognize the benefits of human diversity.

Question 27

Characteristics of the alternative paradigm:

Interpretive Knowledge-

Answer 27

how a person interacts with society in regards to behavior, culture speech, and institutions

Question 28

Characteristics of the alternative paradigm:

Hermeneutics

Answer 28

the science of interpretation; the discipline concerned with the investigation and interpretation of human behavior, speech, institutions, etc., as essentially intentional; understanding the meaning of the human experience; being a good listener and very intentional;

Question 29

Characteristics of the alternative paradigm:

Self-awareness-

Answer 29

an awareness of the influence of our personal worldview on our own behaviors and on our perceptions of the behavior of others

Question 30

Characteristics of the alternative paradigm:

Intuitive Knowledge

Answer 30

based on direct, nonintellectual experience of reality arising in an expanded state of awareness. It tends to be synthesizing, holistic, and nonlinear; being able to see things as the “big picture” *very essential for social work knowledge and practice;

Question 31

Subjective understanding

Answer 31

respects personal experience as an important/valuable/valued influence on what is known and how we view the world; using personal experiences to change your understanding of something; looking for meaning of life;

Question 32

Subjective understanding

Answer 32

Religion- the “formal” institutional contexts of spiritual beliefs and practices

Spirituality- the general human experience of developing a sense of meaning, purpose, and morality

Theism- the belief in the existence of God, an immortal soul, or any other type of deity or deities

Atheism- the belief in the nonexistence of God, which in the modern world is often expressed as the materialist hypothesis that matter is the only reality

Agnosticism- the belief that the question of whether or not God exists either has not been or cannot be answer

Question 33

Qualitative approaches

Answer 33

an approach to the study of human behavior that relies on the analysis of narrative data to create an interpretation of the meaning of these behaviors from the perspective of the participants themselves, within their own social context; researcher is engaged in the lives of the people studies

Question 34

Naturalistic inquiry

Answer 34

uncovers stories told by real people, about real events, in real and natural ways.

Question 35

Postmodern

Answer 35

traditional ways of knowing are increasingly question at many levels

Question 36

Heuristic research

Answer 36

any problem-solving strategy that appears to lead to relevant, reliable, and useful information; recognizing there are multiple ways of getting information; encompasses aspects of traditional and alternative perspectives;

Question 37

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 37

from particular to general

Question 38

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 38

from general to particular

Question 39

Positivism

Answer 39

that knowledge is gained through objective observations of the world around us; a more narrow concept, always based on use of scientific method to determine knowledge.

Question 40

Ethnocentrism

Answer 40

the tendency to see one’s own group as more important, more valuable than others; powerful influence in traditional dominant paradigm;

Question 41

Patriarchy

Answer 41

the rule of the fathers”; is a society in which formal power over public decision and policy making is held by adult men; embodiment of masculine ideals and practices;

Question 42

Racism

Answer 42

results from the transformation of race prejudice and/or ethnocentrism through the exercise of power against a racial group defined as inferior, by individuals and institutions with the intentional or unintentional support of the entire (race or) culture.

Question 43

Individuals Racism

Answer 43

one considers that Black people (or people of color) as a group are inferior to Whites because of physical (genotypical and phenotypical) traits. [She or] he further believes that these physical traits are determinants of (inferior) social behavior and moral or intellectual qualities, and ultimately presumes that this inferiority is a legitimate basis for interior social treatment of Black people (or people of color in American society.

Question 44

Institutional Racism

Answer 44

those established laws, customs, and practices which systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in American society…whether or not the individuals maintaining those practices have racist intentions. The clearest indication of institutional racism is disparity in the circumstances of Whites and people of color, which continues from the past into the present.

Question 45

Cultural Racism

Answer 45

the belief in the inferiority of the implements, handicrafts, agriculture, economics, music, art, religious beliefs, traditions, language and story of African (Hispanic, Asian, and Indian) peoples;… (and the belief that) Black (and other non-White) Americans have not distinctive implements, handicrafts, agriculture, economics, music, art, religious beliefs, traditions, languages or story apart from those of mainstream white America.

Question 46

Privilege-

Answer 46

those who benefit are those who define, fit, and enforce the processes, attributes, perspectives, standards, and ways of relating that characterize the traditional and dominant paradigms. is that powerful but often unspoken and taken-for-granted sense that one fits, that one is an active and powerful participant and partner in defining and making decisions about one’s world; privilege is gained and maintained at the expense of others.

Question 47

Feminism

Answer 47

a conceptual framework and mode of analysis that has analyzed the status of women (and other disempowered groups), cross-culturally and historically to explain dynamics and conditions undergirding disparities in sociocultural status and power between majority and minority populations

Question 48

Peggy McIntosh

Answer 48

she talks about an individual knapsack which we carry on our backs that gives us access; a feminist scholar, who offers dramatic, real-life examples of the benefits that accrue to those of us who reflect characteristics of the “norm of rightness” (“skin-color” privilege, also known as “whiteness”. This is a form of privilege and how it can often be taken for granted on a day-to-day basis. Refer to page 58!) and who “fit” the dimensions of the traditional and dominant paradigm.

Question 49

Personal as political/conciseness raising:

Answer 49

consciousness raising that occurs when people explore their own stories or the stories of others in troubling circumstances; this creates a synergy in which people cannot help but want to act, you cant just sit and do nothing; group consciousness v. individual consciousness v. group consciousness v. movements & policy changes

Question 50

Language:

Answer 50

As social workers we need to read and deconstruct the world and how meaning applies to social work; meaning is constructed through language; people represent and understand their own world (communication);

Question 51

Language as/and:

Exclusive or inclusive:

Answer 51

who is in or who is out

Question 52

Minority-

Answer 52

• a. uniqueness of groups (people w/disabilities, indigenous, black, LGBTQ, etc.) b. the idea that these people share certain characteristics (not always the case); may also be inaccurate in reference to many groups such as women, who are the numerical majority. *Majority can take away the individuality and uniqueness, causing less access;

Question 53

Labeling theory

Answer 53

describes the ability of some groups to impose a label of “deviant” on certain other members of society; often time’s people believe they are truly something that they are told… “you are nothing but a….” Thus they begin to internalize this label.

Question 54

Mental health

Answer 54

• has implications

Question 55

Disability-

Answer 55

a physical, mental, emotional, or sensory condition that limits the person in any major are of life. Limit based on whatever that disability might be. For example: glass ceiling effect

Question 56

Sexual Orientation

Answer 56

• there is a lack of information/language/meaning; socially constructed;

Question 57

Functional Theory

Answer 57

that society is a whole unit, made of interrelated parts that work together

Question 58

Conflict Theory

Answer 58

views society as composed of groups fiercely competing for scarce resources; sees as the basis of social order the coercion of less powerful groups and classes by more powerful groups and classes

Question 59

Interactionist Theory

Answer 59

takes a micro (individuals or small groups) than macro (societal) approach to attempting to explain human behavior; behavior is much less scripted, instead it appears more fluid, more tentative, even negotiable;

Question 60

Exchange Theory-

Answer 60

proposes that human interaction involves rational calculations; people are able to calculate how much pleasure or pain they are likely to experience in current social situations based on previous experiences in past situations.

Question 61

Symbolic Interaction Theory-

Answer 61

proposes that in addition to any objective assessment of the costs and benefits of interacting with other people, you also are involved in a subjective, symbolic process…symbolic interaction theory proposes that, before interacting, human beings size up one another in terms of these symbolic meanings. Example: women, instructor, student

Question 62

Dramaturgical Theory

Answer 62

more theatrical view of human society… portrays people as actors in the literal sense. We act out our everyday lives on a succession of stages (social situations). We script scenes (interaction episodes) to serve our interests. We dress ourselves in the costumes of the characters we play.

Question 63

Role Theory

Answer 63

seeks to explain behavior as action taken in accordance with agreed-upon rules of behavior for persons occupying given positions.

Question 64

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 64

a traditional theory of individual development focusing on internal and often unconscious origins of human behavior;

Question 65

Behavior/learning Theory

Answer 65

sees human behavior as almost entirely determined through learning that takes place as a result of reinforcement of our behaviors by others or as a result of our observation or behaviors modeled by others.

Question 66

Human Development

Answer 66

a. changes in the structure, function, or behavior of the human organism; b. that occur over some period of time (which may be of long or brief duration); c. and are due to an interactive combination of maturation and learning (heredity/environment interaction)

Question 67

Life Span Perspective

Answer 67

most often used in discussing human behavior at the individual level; used interchangeably with life cycle or state theories about human behavior; a. growth occurs at every period of life, from conception through old age; b. individual lives show continuity and change as they progress through time. An awareness of processes that contribute to both continuity and change is central to an understanding of human development; c. understanding of the whole person by studying the major internal developments that involve physical, social, emotional, and thinking capacities and their interrelationship; d. every person’s behavior must be analyzed in the context of relevant settings an personal relationships, meaning must be interpreted in regards to significant physical/social environments in which it occurs

Question 68

Social Systems/Ecological-

Answer 68

interrelatedness; all occurs in the in the matter of time and location; Refer to diagram!!!! looking at society as a whole; general systems theory: includes the entire physical world as well as the human world; ecological perspective: explicitly defines the environment as including physical (nonhuman) elements; these two systems help us bridge the gap between traditional and alternative paradigms; Give examples of what these are and give an example at each level.

Question 69

Alternative theoretical approaches:

Life Course

Answer 69

things like living through the great depression and military participation during the WWII, have demonstrable effects on subjective outcomes (e.g. sense of self, levels of psychological distress, attitudes toward work and family life; social and historical factors play a role; focus on intersections of historical factors embedded within a biological biography; looking at people in the context of time;

Question 70

Alternative theoretical approaches:Transitions

Answer 70

changes in status (most often role transitions) that are discrete and relatively bounded in duration, although their consequences may be observed over long time periods

Question 71

Alternative theoretical approaches:Trajectories

Answer 71

long-term patterns of stability and change that can be reliably differentiated from alternative patterns; trajectories often include multiple transitions… and transitions are always embedded in trajectories that give them distinctive form and meaning

Question 72

Strengths-based perspective- (alternative approach to pathology) (asses based) What advantages do we have going for ourselves;

Answer 72

emands a different way of looking at individuals, families, and communities, which requires an accounting of what people know and what they can do; it requires composing a roster of existing resources within and around the individual, family and community; re-vision focus on resilience, rebound, possibility, and transformation; creates a collaboration between client/worker relationship by working alongside one another; asserts that the client’s ‘meaning’ must count for more in the helpful process, and scientific labels and theories must count for less; Look at criticisms of perspective in book!!! The idea that people are sugar coating things.

Question 73

Strengths-based perspective Resilience

Answer 73

the skills, abilities, knowledge, and insight that accumulate over time as people struggle to surmount adversity and meet challenges; example: the fact that people walk in the door for a counseling session means they are not resistant and thus this is a strength.

Question 74

Strengths-based perspective Membership

Answer 74

that people need to be citizens—responsible and valued members in a viable group or community; to be without membership is to be alienated, and to be at risk of marginalization and oppression.

Question 75

Strengths-based perspective

Wellness-

Answer 75

recognizes the extremely strong and important relationship between “body, mind, and environment and health and wellness”; the unit of attention is the physical, mental, spiritual, and social well-being of the individual, family, and/or specific population involved in the intervention process; wellness as how it applies to a community;

Question 76

Strengths-based perspective

Constructivism

Answer 76

the theory that “for any single even or situation” there are multiple perceptions of reality all of which have validity;

Question 77

Strengths-based perspective

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 77

a biological perspective that informs wellness theory and focuses on “the reciprocal relationship between mind and body”; it assumes the mind and body are inseparable and that continuous reciprocal communication occurs between the mind and the various organ systems of the body via the brain’s chemistry.

Question 78

Strengths-based perspective

social development theory

Answer 78

recognizes the societal and political aspects of human functioning and attempt to address inequities caused by oppression or discrimination targeted toward certain subgroups of society.

Question 79

Strengths-based perspective

Empowerment

Answer 79

focuses on changing the distribution of power and it depicts power as originating from various sources and as infinite because it can be generated in the process of social interaction. Empowerment it:
1. Both a theory and practice that deal with issues of power, powerlessness, and oppression and how they contribute to individual, family, or community problems and affect helping relationships.
2. A perspective whose goal is to increase personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals, families, or communities can take action to improve their situations.
3. A process that can take place on the individual, interpersonal, and community levels of intervention. It consist of the following sub processes:
• Development of group consciousness
• Reduction of self-blame
• Assumption of personal responsibility for change
• Enhancement of self-efficacy.

Question 80

Strengths-based perspective

Cultural Competence-

Answer 80

the continual learning/ evolving process to create multicultural knowledge; continuous growth; the experiential awareness of the worker about culture, ethnicity, and racism: knowledge about historical oppression and related multicultural concepts; development of skills to deal effectively with the needs of the culturally diverse clients;

Question 81

Strengths-based perspective

Postpositivsim

Answer 81

reality is something that we can understand and capture probabilistically using the right tools.

Question 82

Strengths-based perspective

Constructivist

Answer 82

reality is constructed through social interaction and dialogue

Question 83

Strengths-based perspective

Critical thinking

Answer 83

reality is produced through historically based social and political processes that serve the purposes of the powerful

Question 84

Strengths-based perspective

Postmodernism

Answer 84

suggests that reality is a moving target that cannot be reduced to reassuring regularities.

Question 85

Strengths-based perspective

Solution-Focused

Answer 85

looking for solutions rather than fighting problems; do not dwell on problems (history is not very important); assessment is very deep and a quick process; *miracle question; the main therapeutic task is helping the client to imagine how he or she would like things to be different and what it will take to make that happen. Little attention is paid to diagnosis, history taking , or exploration of the problem. Solution-focused therapists assume clients want to change, have the capacity to envision change, and are doing their best to make change happen. Further, solution-focused therapists assume that the solution, or at least part of it, is probably already happening…treatment is brief, usually lasting less than 6 sessions

Question 86

Transactionalism

Answer 86

people shape their environment just as the physical environment influences them

Question 87

Simulation theories

Answer 87

focus on the physical environment as a source of sensory information that is essential for human well-being; stimulation may be light, color, heat, texture, or scent, or it may be building, streets, and parks; stimulation influence thinking, feelings, social interaction and health;

Stimulation overload- too much stimulation

Stimulation deprivation/restricted environmental stimulation- lack of stimulation

Question 88

Control theories-

Answer 88

focus on the issue of how much control we have over our physical environments and the attempts we make to gain control; humans desire control over their physical environments; some persons-environment configurations provide more control over the physical environment that others.

Question 89

Privacy

Answer 89

selective control of access to the self or to the one’s group

Question 90

Territoriality

Answer 90

the behavior individuals and small groups as they seek control over physical space; a pattern of behavior and attitudes held by an individual or groups, based on perceived, attempted or actual ownership or control of a definable physical space, object, or idea;

Question 91

Personal space

Answer 91

physical distance we choose to maintain; changes with age

Question 92

Crowding

Answer 92

unpleasant experience of being spatially cramped

Question 93

Behavior settings theories

Answer 93

claims that the setting has a more powerful influence on the behavior than characteristics of the individual; consistent, prescribed patterns of behavior develop and are maintained in many specific settings; behaviors of different persons in the same setting are more similar than the behaviors of the same person in different settings; Example: concert setting, black Friday shopping;

Question 94

Behavior settings theories

settings

Answer 94

-behavior occur in particular places

Question 95

Behavior settings theories

Programs

Answer 95

consistent, prescribed, patterns of behavior—devlop and are maintained in many specific settings; behavior programs are socially constructed, developed by people in interaction, and not determined by the physical environment;

Question 96

Behavior settings theories

Staffing

Answer 96

different behavior settings attract different numbers of participants, or staff; it is important to have a good fit between the number of participants and the behavioral program for the setting; overstaffing occurs when there are too many participants for the behavioral program of a given setting; understaffing occurs when there are too few participants;

Question 97

Accessibility-

Answer 97

ease in movement through and use of an environment

Question 98

Legibility

Answer 98

ease with which people can conceptualize key elements and spatial relationships within an environment and effectively find their way;

Question 99

Sociofugal spaces

Answer 99

designs that discourage social interaction

Question 100

Sociopetal spaces

Answer 100

physical designs that encourage social interaction

Question 101

Place attachment

Answer 101

the process in which people and groups form bonds with places

Question 102

Policy of normalization

Answer 102

what can we do to make environments “normal” for the people we are serving; elements of ones life and bringing them to where they are at. Example: in a nursing home/facility brining elements such as furniture pieces, pictures, etc.

Question 103

Features of the natural environment that influence emotional states:

Answer 103

water, trees, and sunlight;

Ecotherapy: exposure to nature and the outdoors as a component of psychotherapy;

Biophilia- humans have a genetically based need to affiliate with nature;