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HBS > HBS skeletal Quiz #2 > Flashcards

HBS skeletal Quiz #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems in the human body.

A

Cells makes up tissues, tisssues make up organs, and organs make up body system in the human body.

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2
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Ex: nerves, spinal cord, brain
- made up of neruons,
-work to recieve and interept, respond signals.

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3
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Ex: outer surface of all organs and blood vessels, in mouth, on surface of human
-work to absorb, secrete, protect, and sense.

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4
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Ex: muscles in the body (can be straited, smooth, or cardiac).

-Striated muscle tissue are skeletal muscle tissue and they are attached to bones.

  • Smooth muscle tissue are the walls in the internal organ.

-Cardiac muscle tissue are the walls of heart and they have the ability to contract.

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5
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Ex: blood, fats, cartilege

  • All over the body
  • Works to connect and support other tissue types in the body
  • holds the organ in place
  • attach muscle to bone
  • link bones with jointand enable other tissues (like lungs_ to stretch).
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6
Q

What tissue type is bone and cartilage?

A

Connective

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7
Q

What do you notice is the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues and the structure of the epithelium? Note the organization of cells in these two tissue types. How do their structures relate to function?

A

The epithelial tissue’s layer seems to be more tightly packed together while the connective tissue’s layer seems to be more loose.

The epithelial tissue is tightly packed together because this way we don’t get hurt easily.

One common epithelial tissue is our skin and with the cells tightly packed together, it prevents some injuries or unwanted antigens from going directly into our body.

The connective tissue is packed loosely because its primary function is to store energy and with the wide space, it allows it to store more energy.

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8
Q

Flat bones

A

Ex: Left parietal bone; sternum
-made up of a layer of sponge bone, between two thin layer of compact bones.
-Have marrow but no marrow cavity

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9
Q

Long bones

A

Ex: Right humerus
- Made up of a shaft and two ends.
-Longer than width
-Thick outside layer with a marrow-filled cavity.
-The end of the bone contain spongy bone

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10
Q

Short bones

A

Ex: Right carpals

  • Roughly cube shape, vertical and horizontal dimensions, approx. equal.
  • Mostly spongy bones; the outside surface is a thin layer of compact bone.
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11
Q

Irregular bones

A

Ex: Thoracic vertebra

  • Compact bones surround thin layers of sponge bone.
  • Do not fit any of the previous bone description.
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12
Q

What type of bone is patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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13
Q

External features of long bone

A

Epiphysis-Diaphysis-Epiphysis

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14
Q

Internal features of long bone

A

Hyaline cartilage-Epiphyseal line- Red bone marrow- Marrow cavity-Yellow bone marrow- Yellow bone marrow- Periosteum- Compact bone- Spongy bone- site of endosteum- Nutrient foramen

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15
Q

Sponge Bone

A

-House bone marrow
-allow for RBCs formation or erythropoiesis
- allow bones to be less dense and more light
-flexibility

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16
Q

Blood Vessel

A

-transport nutrients
-transport wastes away through bloodflow
-most important: carries oxygen to the body

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17
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • provide protection and strength to bones
  • one of the two types of bone tissue (another type is called spongy bone).
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18
Q

Periosteum

A
  • supplies them the blood they need and help them to grow and heal.
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19
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

-space within the hollow part of the bone
-houses bone marrow

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20
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

-produces cartilege, fat, and bone
-stores fat in cells called adipocytes
-helps maintain the right enviornment and provides the substance the bones need to function.

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21
Q

Diaphysis

A

Bone shaft
-structural functionality, - transport of oxygen
- immune support
- mineral and fat storage

22
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • form joints with adjacent bones.
23
Q

Metaphysis

A

-transfer loads from weight-bearing joint surfaces to the diaphysis
-responsible for growth (in height)

24
Q

Compare the structure of spongy and compact bone at microscopic level.

A

Compact bone is more dense and composed of osteons, while spongy bone is less dense and made up of trabeculae (hollow-like thingy)

25
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cells

-help regulate local mineral deposition and chemistry at the bone matrix level

-Act as endocrine cells that produce factors that target distant organs such as the kidney to regulate phosphate transport.

26
Q

Haversian canal

A
  • microscopic tubes or tunnels in cortical bone that house nerve fibers and a few capillaries.

-allows bone to get oxygen and nutrition without being highly vascular.
- communicate with bone cells using special connections, or canaliculi.

27
Q

Canaliculi

A
  • helps the bone cells to receive food and oxygen and also to eliminate waste materials.
28
Q

Bone Marrow

A

-releases blood cells into the bloodstream when they are mature and when required.

29
Q

Bone trabeculae

A
  • Provides even more strength and structural stability (spongy bone)
30
Q

How does the structure of bone allow it to be strong, but not too heavy and not easy to shatter under pressure forces?

A

Bones have a very high tensile strength. The collagen fibers and calcium in the bone salts together to make the bone almost as strong as steel, but much lighter. The shaft or diaphysis of the bone is made out of compact bone, making the bone more resistant to tension.

31
Q

Types of bone Fractures

A

Greenstick, Transverse Comminuted, Spiral, Compound.

32
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

The bone bends and breaks but does not seperate into 2 pieces.

Often occurs in children because they have softer bones

33
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Breaks in straightline across the bone. Often occurs after falls or automobile accidents

34
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Bone broken into 3 or more pieces, bone fragments are present at fracture site. Often occurs when there’s a high impact trauma.

35
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Spiral around bone; occurs often in long bones due to twisted injuries.

36
Q

Compound Fracture

A

Also called open fracture.
- open wound or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone.
- Most often, caused by a fragment of bone breaking through the skin at the moment of the injury.

37
Q

What are the structure of femur? Use vocabs to describe different kinds of structure.

A

Proximal:
- femoral head
-femoral neck
-Trochanteric region
Shaft
Distal:
- condyles (medial and lateral)
- Extra-articular
-Intra-articular/cartilege

38
Q

Plaster cast

A
  • holds the bones (fracture) in place and prevents the area from moving around; it also helps to reduce muscle contractions in the injured area which decreases the pain felt.
39
Q

Internal fixation

A

it’s a surgery that works to reconnect the bones, physically; the surgeon may place screws, plates, rods, wires, or nails inside the bone to fix the bone to the right place. This method helps to prevent bone healing abnormally.

40
Q

External fixation

A

Uses external bars for stabilization.

41
Q

Internal fixation vs external fixation:

A

internal fixation focuses on fixing the bone while external fixation focuses on stabilizing the bone.

42
Q

Fracture plating

A

Used commonly in repairing communited fracture

43
Q

Intramedullary nailing

A

placed in the canal; can be performed if it doesn’t damage tissue, joints.

44
Q

Steps to determine treatment plan for bone fracture

A
  1. Types of break: Is it communited (a plate with multi.screws) or transverse (Intramedullary nail).
  2. Location of the bone? Is the fracture line far enough away from the proximal or distal ends of fracture?
    Fracture at end need achieve proper alignment.
  3. Is it safe to access? Can intedullary nailing be perfromed without damaging soft tissues, ligements, or tendons.

If all three question have answers of yes, nailing is the best choice.

45
Q

Osteoblast

A

A bone forming cell

46
Q

Osteoclast

A

chip the old or damage bone tissue/cells away

47
Q

Stages of Fracture Recovery

A

Hematoma phase, Cartilaginous callus formation phase, Bony callus formation phase, Bone remodaling phase.

48
Q

Hematoma phase (week 1)

A

Blood vessels rupture during break and swell forming a mass called hematoma. This mass forms between broken bones. The clot reduces blood supples to many of the cells in the area of injury. Cells die.

49
Q

Fibrocartilage Callus Formation (week 2-3)

A

New capillaries begin to form into clotted blood in damaged areas. Connective tissue cells form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callas (fibrous tissues and cartilage that replaces blood clot at the fracture site); these callas contain some cartilage, some bone, and collagen fibers. This combined mass closed the gap between the broken bones.

50
Q

Bony Callus Formation (1 month-4 month)

A

The Fribrocartilage callus is gradullary replaced by one made of spongy bone. This new mass is called bony callus. The osteoclasts and osteoblast move to the area and multiply.

51
Q

Bone remodaling phase (4 month- 12 months)

A

Callus remodal with help of osteoclasts and osteoblast. The shape of the bone will gradually return to normal and there will eventually be little evidence of the fracture.

52
Q

Muscle Rules

A
  1. Muscles must have at least two attachments and must cross at least one joint.
  2. Muscles always “pull” and get shorter.
  3. The attachment that moves is known as the insertion and the attachment that remains stationary is known as the origin.
  4. Muscles that decrease the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as flexors. Muscles that increase the angle between ventral surfaces of the body are known as extensors.

5.Muscles work in opposing pairs.

  1. Muscle striations point to the attachments and show the direction of pull.

HBS (1 decks)

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