Hazmat Flashcards
The status of containers involved will likely influence the
Type and extent of defensive practices undertaken
First responders must evaluate the ———-where the container is located and any ——- that may be applied to containers
Environment
Stress
Types of stress
Thermal mechanical chemical
When attempting to prevent a release of hazardous materials first responders should always remember that
Pressurized containers usually present the greatest danger
If the valve on a compressed gas cylinder is damaged gas or vapor may be released at a rate and volume
Faster than it would be from a pressure relief device
Physical damage to a container wall may appear as a crease dent or gouge and the extent of damage will influence the extent to which
The integrity of the container has been weekend
Damage is especially troublesome when it occurs at
Weld lines or places where pieces of metal are joined
If a damaged and therefore weakened container cannot withstand its internal pressure immediately after an accident the container will likely
Explode prior to the arrival of first responders
If the internal pressure increases sufficiently to a point just above that which the weakened container wall can resist the container may
Fail without warning
Liquefied gases stored at normal atmospheric temperatures and pressures are already
Boiling inside their containers
Once the liquid inside is above it’s boiling point the containers become
Pressure cookers with the potential for disastrous consequences
The weakening of a container wall from flame impingement usually occurs when the flame contacts
The vapor space which is usually the upper portion of a container
Whenever containers are exposed to a fire with a decrease in container strength and increase of internal pressure first responders must remember that
Operation of a pressure relief valve is no guarantee that the container will not explode
The sound of gas and vapor escaping from an operating pressure relief device during a fire will increase in both ———-as internal pressure continues to rise due to an external heating. This change in sound should serve as a warning to first responders that they may need to——
Volume and pitch
immediately evacuate the area
Containers intended to store liquids at normal temperatures and pressures usually do not
Unless
Present a danger from excessive internal pressure
There is an external heating or chemical reaction of the contents inside the container
External heating can occur from exposure to
Direct sunlight or fire
Long-term incidents have a potential for the internal pressure of containers to fluctuate due to changes in
Weather conditions and time of day
Non-pressure containers with liquid or solid materials may also be subject to excessive internal pressure from chemical reactions that occur as a result of
Improper handling of unstable materials
non pressure containers: Metal containers may develop a ——as internal pressure increases and stresses the container wall
Metallic pinging sound
The ends of ——– are usually the weakest locations and therefore the most dangerous
Non-pressure containers
Non-pressure containers: if the container of liquid burst it will usually do so at——— which may then cause the container to travel in——-
One of its ends
travel in the opposite direction at a high rate of speed
Nonpressure containers: There may be little first responders can do to prevent a release from a container that is
Already under pressure or
when the internal pressure is steadily increasing
Evacuating the area a safe distance may be the only option
Containers under pressure can release their contents
Without warning
——–Used to cool containers usually present a lesser danger to personnel than do handheld lines
Master streams
Using water to cool containers: large amounts of water may be required and the ability of fire departments to meet these demands could be limited especially if
Operations involve the use of water SHUTTLES
During vehicle accidents involving hazardous materials first responders should attempt to learn not only what materials are present but also
The type of container involved
Containers made of glass cardboard or plastic generally have less ———–than metal containers
Structural integrity
A first responder should never assume that no evidence of an external leak from a ———–involved in an accident is actually an indication that no containers in the truck have been damaged
Box truck
If containers of hazardous materials are undamaged they often need to be unloaded before attempting to recover a damaged vehicle in order to prevent these containers from
Leaking during the recovery process
Efforts to remove containers of hazardous materials will likely require a
Hazardous materials team or cleanup contractor to assess the conditions of the containers and conduct the transfer of the containers to another vehicle
In some situations preventing the release of hazardous materials may require overhaul to be conducted in conjunction with
Cleanup contractors
Preventing the release of hazardous materials during ———-requires extreme care
Overhaul of structure fires
When dealing with releases of LIQUIDS any attempt by first responders to control and contain the movement of these materials should be done only if
Their actions will not Expose personnel to the hazards of the material
The dike should be capable of holding the entire contents of the container but first responders should be prepared in the event that
The dike fails
During incidents involving leaking bulk liquid storage containers first responders should always
Monitor the integrity of any dikes and be prepared to react should they suspect impending failure
Whether dikes are used outdoors or inside buildings they will allow hazardous materials ——–to which may result in——-
Form into a pool
large surface area
If a liquid is moving from the site of a release there will be several considerations that will influence the decision of first responders to intervene including
The nature of the spilled material
the quality released
the speed it’s moving
whether the release is ongoing
Some liquid spills may encounter——– that will subsequently contain the release and thereby minimize the amount of effort needed by first responders to construct temporary barriers
Natural barriers
Temporary barriers to contain a spilled liquid can be built from
Soil or absorbants
Anything used to build temporary barriers must be ——–with the hazardous material released
Compatible
The product first responders are attempting to contain must not result in a——— when it contacts the temporary barrier
Violent chemical reaction
Temporary containment barriers built on land: ERG 2004 suggest the use of ————when dealing with spills of certain types of hazardous materials
Dry earth, dry sand, or other noncombustible material
First responders may be able to control the flow of a liquid spill moving downhill using a ———that directs the material to an area where can be contained or result in less harm
Diversion wall
Containment areas could be a depression along a road shoulder or a large hole sometimes referred to as a
Retention basin
dug by first responders for the purpose of containing the runoff
When preparing to dig a retention basin, first responders must always remember that any effort to excavate a containment area must take into consideration
Especially important when
The presence of underground utilities.
Working to contain spills that occur on the shoulders of highways or railroad right-of-way’s since these areas are often the site of underground utilities
The location of some underground utilities maybe marked using ——-that include an______
Aboveground signs
emergency telephone number
Some underground utilities maybe Marked using aboveground signs. many more utilities are not marked and first responders must pay attention to
Obvious indicators that underground utilities are nearby
Obvious indicators that underground utilities are nearby
Pad mounted transformers, manhole covers, valve boxes, and utility poles outfitted with an attached cable that runs from the top of the pole to an underground connection at it base
Most areas of the United States are served by companies whose job it is to locate underground utilities for construction contractors usually within—-
Many of these companies will provide some form of
48 hours of notification
Emergency utility locating service for first responders
Emergency utility locating service:
he must inform the operator of a need for ——-
he should be prepared to provide the operator with his——
Immediate assistance
location and a callback number
The response time of utility representatives will vary so a first responders should
Remind them that they are dealing with an emergency situation
First responders should learn the details of local and state laws in their area that govern
Locating services for underground utilities
Absorbent booms: the material they are attempting to contain will need to have the following characteristics
- cannot be miscible with water
- most float on the surface of water
On bodies of water first responders may be able to contain liquids by using ———designed to float on water
Absorbent booms
A floating absorbent boom would likely be affective to contain a release of ——–the same boom would be useless when attempting to contain a spill of——-
Diesel fuel
Antifreeze solution
Absorbent boobs are generally not intended for use on large bodies of water where there may be
Significant wave action or strong currents
Absorbent brooms usually work well in
Small creeks streams and ponds
Most absorbent booms are manufactured in ——–but they are designed to be——-
10 foot sections
hooked together if needed to cover a greater distance
The ends of absorbent booms must be
This can be accomplished using
Secured to the shoreline
Wood or metal stakes driven through the metal rings normally attached to the each end of the boom
Underflow dams are best used in
Narrow creeks and streams with flowing water
Underflow dam: the hose is placed in the water with only about ——-of the hose in front of where the dam will be built
2 ft
Under flow dam. Steps
- Rocks or tree limbs placed on the bottom of the Creek or stream
- hose placed in water
- soil placed around pipe between each shoreline
When building an underflow dam, any pipe used must be large enough to allow the water to
Flow freely
Underflow dams are subject to ——and must be——
Corrosion from the force of moving water
monitored at all times
An important consideration for first responders to remember when attempting to contain the release of a spilled liquid is
That of redundancy
Redundancy
Whenever possible temporary containment barriers should be backed up by additional barriers
The location of any containment device used in a body of water should always take into consideration
The eventual removal of the material
Removal of a hazardous material that is floating on the surface of water may involve the use of
Absorbent pads
When choosing a location for placement of absorbent booms or underflow dams especially for releases that involve large quantities of product first responders should consider
The means by which a large vehicle can approach the site
First responders who have contained any liquid material must continuously monitor
Temporary barriers to ensure their integrity
When dealing with ——-spills involving some types of —— ERG 2004 recommends applying flooding quantities of water
Small
Oxidizers
While applying large quantities of water can dilute a spill to a safer and more stable concentration before doing so a first responder should remember to FIRST
Check with local and state environmental officials and conduct research to determine potential outcomes
With few exceptions adding water to a spill of hazardous materials will
Move the material to another location creating a larger cleanup problem
First responder should never apply water to a spill of hazardous materials unless they are confident that doing so will
Not cause their efforts to become part of the problem
Dealing with gases and vapors always presents significant challenges since many of these materials
Are odorless and colorless
First responders may be able to identify compressed gas cylinders suspected of leaking since there may be
FROSTING near the discharge opening
Frosting occurs as moisture in the surrounding atmosphere is
Cooled by the escaping gas or vapor
Factors to consider when deciding what steps to take to control a release of gases and vapors
Type of material, quantity, speed, and duration of release
———Pose inhalation hazards as well as a greater threat from fire or explosion since gases and vapors are easily ignited
Airborne hazards
The most difficult form of material to control is a ———-, sense when a material is in this physical state it may———
Gas or vapor
travel unimpeded
Increased temperature can ———-of gases and vapors and for liquids it can increase the rate at which the———produces vapors
Accelerate the activity
surface area
Airborne materials can quickly fill a void space depending upon whether the material is
Heavier or lighter than the surrounding air
Controlling the movement of gases and vapors indoors can be as simple as
Closing a door to a room along with shutting down the ventilation system
Controlling vapors and gases within buildings: if an area where the ventilation controls are located is not safe to enter it may be better to
Have Electric power to the building terminated from a remote site
Natural gas released indoors can migrate upwards into an attic space only to be ignited later by an
Attic fan
Propane can seep into the crawlspace of a house and explode once ignited by a
Floor furnace
Releases of natural gas or propane may be controlled if there is an ——–that can be operated safely by first responders
External valve
External valve/natural gas or propane: this valve must be remote from the source of the release to avoid contamination and must—-
Clearly indicate the position of the valve
First responders should usually not operate——- for———- unless instructed to do so by the local utility company that manages the service
Below grade street valves
natural gas service
Before applying water to a gas or vapor first responders should make sure they
Know what to expect, since some will produce a hazardous water runoff
Attempting to control a release of chlorine gas with water spray may produce a
Corrosive runoff
Water spray applied to flammable gases and vapors will
Not always prevent ignition. air entrained in a fog stream could mix with these materials and cause them to reach their flammable range
During freezing weather large volumes of water spray can produce icy conditions that may require the application of an
Abrasive such as sand
Releases of solid hazardous materials usually occur in the form of a
Powder or granular substance
Containing the release of a solid: large containers constructed of metal or plastic have the potential to release
Several hundred pounds of material
Some hazardous materials may be transported in solid form by——-or———that have the potential to release thousands of pounds powder or granular substance
Dump trucks or dry bulk hopper cars
Containing the release of a solid:————will play a role in determining the actions of first responders
Wind speed and direction
The addition of water to a spill of solid hazardous materials may only create more problems. this is especially important to remember if the material is
Soluble
Containing the release of a solid: ERG2004 recommends covering spills of some materials with a ———–to reduce the potential for the material to spread and to keep the material dry
Plastic sheet or tarp
Whenever operating ventilation systems first responders must remember
Not to expose anyone assigned this task to the hazardous material vapors they are attempting to control
Defensive tactics that can be used by first responders to minimize the exposure of people to hazardous materials
Protective actions
Protective actions include
- Isolating and denied entry to affected areas
- evacuation of these areas
- in place protection a nearby structures
Upon arrival at most hazardous materials incidents first responders will often be faced with the task of
Isolating affected areas
While dealing with transportation emergencies first responders can consult
The ERG
Each orange bordered page of the ERG proves———–under the heading Public Safety
Recommended distances for IMMEDIATE ISOLATION for a spill or leak
ERG 2004 provides recommendations for protecting the public from spills that involve dangerous goods which are considered toxic by inhalation TIH including certain chemical warfare agents or which produce toxic gases upon contact with water. This information is found in the table of initial isolation and protective action distances green border pages and is intended to show areas likely to be affected during the————after materials are released
First 30 minutes
When attempting to determine the size of an ———– first responders should resist the urge to overreact and instead establish a ——–
Initial isolation area
Reasonable area
In order to———— first responders may be able to use existing physical barriers such as highway guardrails or median strips during highway accidents or by closing doors to isolate certain areas inside buildings on some occasions they may elect to use barrier tape
Define isolation areas
First responders should never rely on barrier tape as the only means to
Define an area affected by a hazardous material
———Should be monitored by first responders including law-enforcement officers to ensure compliance
The use of barrier tape
Law-enforcement officers may be requested to block roads or detour traffic when doing so first responders must remember not to place these individuals in areas where they can be affected by
Airborne hazards
Efforts to————– and———-Are effective defensive tactics for most hazardous materials incidents
Isolate affected areas
deny entry
Those incidents associated with————usually require additional defensive tactics in order to protect the public
Airborne hazards
Evacuation involves
The removal of people from an area
The intent of in place protection is to
Have individuals remain in an affected area,
while inside structures with doors and windows CLOSED and SEALED and ventilation equipment SWITCHED OFF
When time allows ————may be the best protective action
Evacuation of buildings in an affected area
Evacuation may also be a preferred method of defensive protective actions if a material released is ——–or———- .such as when——–
Flammable
it will likely take a long time for the material to dissipate
heavier than air gas is released on a day with very little wind
Serious considerations when deciding on evacuation include
- Where to shelter evacuees
- how to get these individuals to shelters
- how to care for them once they arrive
It is entirely possible for first responders to use both evacuation and in place protection simultaneously as a
Defensive protective action
Once first responders decide on either in place protection or evacuation their next challenge is often
To notify individuals in the affected area of suggested actions to take
(Evacuation and in place protection) all of these techniques are easier to accomplish during——-
Daylight and evening hours
as opposed to
late-night or or early morning
(Evacuation and in place protection) some localities have technology that allows emergency officials to contact people in affected areas by telephone using
A special modification to an already established 911 system. they can deliver a recorded message with emergency information
A first responder should always know which people to contact in his———– regarding any actions he may wish to take regarding evacuation or in place protection
Local emergency management office
Emergency management officials are often prepared with the knowledge of
- How to request local media transmit emergency messages
- available shelters, shelter operations, and transportation
- how to operate shelters in a safe and efficient manner
(Evacuation and in place protection) First responder should remember that———- is a serious concern especially when dealing with——–
Accountability for evacuees
children
——-will be unavoidable during the———-of any evacuation and local emergency management officials can provide valuable assistance here
Confusion
initial phase
Accountability is even more challenging when
More than one sheltering site is used
When attempting to document notification of citizens in affected areas, while going door to door one suggestion is to ———————
This indicates that—-
Mark the front door of each building or perhaps a mailbox with a small piece of triage tape
A Public Safety official has already visited that location
(Document notification of citizens) some first responders may elect to use 2 different colors, one to indicate———and another to signify———-
Contact with the occupants
no response
When challenged regarding decisions that involve defensive protective actions first responders should always remember:
An inconvenience is temporary dead is forever
First responders conducting any—————- should always consider the use of full protective clothing and SCBA
Defensive actions to contain or control the release of a hazardous material
Firefighter protective clothing offers limited protection from
Hazardous materials
The best way to decontaminate any protective clothing is to
Avoid contamination
Despite the efforts of first responders to use their protective clothing properly and avoid contamination they should always be prepared to
Decontaminate this clothing
ERG 2004 decontamination is the removal of dangerous goods (hazardous materials) from personnel and equipment to the extent necessary to
Prevent potential adverse health effects
(Decontamination) this should be done with a least a ——————–especially when————
Gross wash prior to leaving the scene of most hazardous materials incidents
they have engaged in certain defensive actions
In addition to a gross wash first responders may need to scrub protective clothing with a———— prior to———
If there is any concern regarding contamination from———
Soap solution
removing the garment
some chemicals
Removal of protective clothing should be done in a manner that
Turns the garment inside out
In garment in need of additional cleaning off-site should be placed into
Large clear trash bags
The manufacturer of the protective clothing should then be consulted to determine
The best method to clean the garment and whether the garment can be returned to service
The garment may be taken to a vendor for cleaning such as a fire equipment supplier who offers this service. if so the first responder must remember to
Provide them with a copy of the MSDS for the material that is the source of the contamination
Water supply for decontamination can be provided by
Hose lines from the fire apparatus
Garden hose adapters
1 3/4” hose line
booster hose
First responders should attempt to contain runoff water during decontamination of ———–at the scene of a hazardous materials incident
Protective clothing
Decontamination of first responders: some departments may use —————–including small plastic swimming pools
Specially designed containment basins
Temporary containment basins can be constructed using
2 sections of hard suction hose
pipe poles or attic ladders
sheets of CLEAR plastic or tarps
Construction of a containment basin: plastic sheet or tarp is laid over the frame and
Tucked underneath each of the four crossmembers
The task of disposing of decontamination runoff water is usually done
In conjunction with the disposal of other hazardous waste generated during the incident
Decontamination runoff water: first responders may be able to dispose of this water on site but representatives from ————should FIRST be consulted to determine if this action is appropriate
Environmental regulatory agencies
While a gas is usually the most difficult form and a material to control ————–will present first responders with hazards similar to a gas
Vapor from liquids and dusts from solids
—–Usually present the greatest danger to first responders
Pressurized containers
First responders who contain the release of a liquid hazardous material may then need to deal with
A surface area capable of producing large amounts of hazardous vapors
Attempts to contain the release of gases and vapors with water may
Produce a hazardous water runoff
First responders should not operate————- unless instructed to do so by the local utility company
Below grade street valves for natural gas service
First responder should resist the urge to wet down to wash away spills of
Hazardous materials in solid form
Individuals assigned the task of traffic control should not be placed in areas where they can be affected by
Airborne hazards
Protective actions used by first responders include
- Isolating and denying entry
- evacuation
- in place protection
———-Include efforts to minimize contamination by avoiding spill materials and resisting the urge to touch or otherwise handle containers
Safe work practices
first responders should always be prepared to decontaminate their protective clothing with ———–prior to leaving the scene of most hazardous materials incidents
At least a gross wash
When dealing with citizen complaints regarding decisions to evacuate people during a hazardous materials incident the first responder should always remember
An inconvenience is temporary. dead is forever
A bobtailed tractor one without the trailer has the potential for a spill of —–gallons of diesel fuel from its fuel tanks
Several hundred
When responding to a ————-first responders must determine if hazardous materials are involved and if there is a release of potential release of these materials
Highway transportation incident
Included in the———- are identification tools known as labels and placards
Code of Federal Regulations-transportation
——–Often allow first responders to detect the presence of a hazardous material from a safe distance
Labels and placards
Labels and Placards
the information provided is usually limited to a materials——- rather than the ——-of the material
Hazard class
name
(Only a materials hazard class) this is generally due to the fact that many highway transportation incidents involve vehicles that
could each contain Numerous types of hazardous material packages
——-may contain only one or two commodities
Large containers such as cargo tanks
——-Are normally applied to non-bulk containers
Labels
Labels usually measure
AT LEAST 3.9” on each side
——Can be printed on the exterior surface of a package or placed on a securely affixed tag. another means to affix labels includes adhesive backings
Labels
Placards are normally affixed to the ———— of transport vehicles such as vans cargo tanks straight body trucks and semi trailers
Front
rear
both sides
First responder should be aware that the ———–of some truck tractors may incorporate a cab configuration intended to direct airflow around the trailer
Aerodynamic design
Placards may also be found on certain———- such as large portable tanks
Large individual packages
Placards usually measure——-
and are generally made of ——–design for placement in a———-
At least 10.8 inches on each side
plastic or tag Board
metal frame or
vinyl with adhesive backing
There are devices mounted on the sides of some transport vehicles with———— that allow for selection of the appropriate placard
Hinged metal panels
Labels and Placards function primarily as an ——— designed to alert first responders to materials assigned——–
Information system
hazard class
Knowing at least the hazard class will enable first responders to make ——-during the ——of an incident involving a transportation mishap.
Better informed decisions
early stages
Label and Placher information system include
Background color
hazard class name
hazard class number
symbol
Label and placard information system displayed in the center
Hazard class name
Label and placard information system single digit number displayed in the lower corner
Hazard class number
Label and Placard information system displayed in the upper corner
Symbol
The determination of a background color, hazard class number, and symbol is usually dependent upon the
Primary hazard class of a material
White background color
Poisonous
Red background color
Flammable (liquid or gas)
Flame symbol
Flammable (solid liquid or gas)
The display of a hazardous materials ————is sometimes required on transport vehicles for various shipments of hazardous materials
Four digit identification number
Four digit identification number: in the———— this number is usually referred to as a——–
Federal transportation regulations
marking
Can help determine the name of the product
identification number
Or at least several products that share similar characteristics
———–Is often displayed in the center of the placard and as such the———— will not be immediately available
Four digit identification number
name of the hazard class
A red placard with a flame signal symbol may display either a———- as a hazard class number
2 or 3
A red Placard with a flame signal and a hazard class number three would represent a
Flammable liquid
A red placard with a flame signal and the hazard class number 2 would represent a
Flammable gas
A placard for a gas that is poisonous by inhalation will display a
hazard class number—–
Back ground color—–
Symbol—–
2
White
skull and cross bones
Hazard class 2 white background color symbol crossbones symbol
Gas that is poisonous by inhalation
General requirements regarding use of ——–our provided by 49 CFR parts 100-185
Most of these requirements stipulate——-
Labels and placards
When labels and placards must be used
Labels are applied to ——-and placards are normally affixed to——-
Non-bulk containers
transport vehicles
Most label and placard requirements are based upon a materials–
Primary hazard class
Usually the determination of any——— will require additional research using information sources such as an——-
Subsidiary hazards
MSDS
The years of labels or placard’s are prohibited unless the label or placard —-
Actually represents a hazard of the hazardous material being transported
The use of a four digit identification number on a ——-Placard is prohibited
Radioactive
(If Four digit identification number required to be displayed along with a placard did during transportation of a radio active hazardous material)
Typically accomplished by displaying 4 digit on:
Orange rectangular panel
or
white square on point configuration
There are also exceptions to the use of labels and placards based upon:
Type of material
&
amount being shit
There is an allowance for ———-meaning that placards can be used even though an ———may exist
Permissive placarding
EXCEPTION
First responders should remember that any exception constitutes a–
Potential danger
Labels and placards are used only during the transportation of a—
REGULATED hazardous material
Labels and placards are not required by federal transportation regulations for use when ——–or on transport vehicles used as———–
Transporting nonregulated materials
on site storage containers (such as a construction site)
Labels and placards are generally not required for use at ———-on
———or———
Fixed facilities
Storage tanks or buildings
Transportation of non-bulk containers is usually accomplished through the use of
Box trucks or flatbed trucks
Once individual non-bulk containers are loaded onto a transport vehicle of this type (box truck or flatbed truck) the decision to display placards is based on——–
Tables 1 and 2 found in 49 CFR 172.504 (e)
Hazard classes from table 1 includes certain types of —–materials that are ——and various types of——
Organic peroxides
poisonous inhalation hazards
radioactive materials
———For materials from——–must be affixed to the transport vehicle whenever that vehicle contains any amount of these materials regardless of weight
Placards
table 1
Explosives 1.1
Explosives 1.2
Explosives 1.3
Table 1
Explosives 1.4
explosives 1.5
explosives 1.6
Table 2
2.3 poisonous gas
Table 1
4.3 dangerous when wet
Table 1
5.2 (Organic peroxide, type B, liquid or solid, temperature controlled)
organic peroxide
Table 1
6.2 (material poisonous by inhalation)
Poisonous inhalation hazard
Table 1
7 (radioactive YELLOW III LABEL ONLY)
radioactive
Table 1
2.1
Flammable gas
Table 2
2.2
nonflammable gas
Table 2
3 flammable
Table 2
Combustible liquid
Combustible
Table
2
4.1
Flammable solid
Table 2
4.2
Spontaneously combustible
Table 2
5.1 oxidizer
Table 2
5.2 (OTHER THAN organic peroxide, type B, liquid or solid, temperature controlled)
Organic peroxide
Table 2
6.1 (OTHER THAN materials hazardous by inhalation)
Poison
Table 2
6.2 (none)
Table 2
8 corrosive
Table 2
9
class 9
Table 2
ORM-D (none)
Table 2
Shipments of other classes (not table 1) of hazardous materials are exempt from placarding requirements if the ———-of hazardous materials is less than——pounds
Aggregate gross weight
1001
Aggregate gross weight includes the way of
A package and the weight of its contents
Once hazardous materials are no longer loaded on vehicles transporting———- the placards must be removed
Individual non-bulk containers
Most placards used with individual shipments on box trucks and flatbed trucks display the——
Name of the hazard class
Most placards used with individual shipments on box trucks and flatbed trucks display the name of the hazard class. however there are certain situations when material shipped in——-may instead require that the transport transport vehicle be——-
Large packages or a large quantity of small packages
marked with the materials four digit identification number
Large individual containers AKA intermediate bulk container
- rigid OR flexible
-(other than cylinder or portable tank)
- several hundred gallons
-designed for mechanical handling (ex:forklift)
WHEN TRANSPORTED WOULD GENERALLY REQUIRE—-
The products identification number to be displayed on the vehicle
Transport vehicle -large quantity (>8820 lbs) - single material - non bulk containers Ex -regulated hazmat -numerous 55 gal drums -aggregate gross weight 10000
May be marked w 4 digit.
Specific requirements for THIS TYPE have several provisions and limitations
May not see 4 digit
4 Digit identification number can (not on placard) also be displayed on an
Orange rectangular panel NEAR the placard
Or
White square on point configuration
Bulk containers that involve CARGO TANKS such as those intended to transport liquids or compressed gases, are subject to placarding requirements –______to those for vehicles that transport non-bulk containers
SIMILAR
-no exemption for weight (table 1 and 2 not for bulk cargo tanks)
Placards usually cannot be removed from a——— until it is sufficiently cleaned of residue and purged of vapors to remove any potential hazard
Cargo tanks
——Are normally REQUIRED to display the four digit identification number ALONG WITH the appropriate hazard class REGARDLESS OF THE MATERIAL BEING SHIPPED
Cargo tanks
IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS are not required on the——– having——–compartment if hazardous materials having DIFFERENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS are being transported
ENDS of CARGO TANKS
> 1
Identification numbers on the sides of the tank displayed in the same sequence as the compartments containing the materials they identify
CARGO TANKS- MULTIPLE compartments containing different LIQUID PETROLEUM DISTILLATE FUELS (such as gasoline and gasohol)
The IDENTIFICATION NUMBER for the distillate having the LOWEST FLASH POINT (more dangerous) maybe displayed instead of the individual number for each material
One exception to PLACARDING requirements affects shipments of ——— with ———–categories of hazardous materials found in TABLE 2.
Nonbulk CONTAINERS
2 OR MORE
Options-Use both placards
Exemption allows the use of a DANGEROUS placard in lieu of the individual placards
Remember table 1 and 2 are for PLACARDS
Bsnsn
Indicates a mixed load of materials from table 2
DANGEROUS placard
Vans or flatbed truck displays a placard
(permissive placarding)
there COULD BE—
Any amount of material from table 2
Remember** they HAVE to display it if they have any amount from table 1
Van/box truck- usually require name of hazard CLASS
If—then requires 4 digit
Large package
IBC-several hundred gallons each
Large quantity of small packages
>8820 lbs
Van/ box truck - no placard:
Doesn’t meets transport regs definition of hazmat
Table 2 <1001
Vehicle empty
Cargo tank- with 4 digit displayed
May be difficult initially to determine quantity of material.
(Can’t take the placard off until cleaned/purged)
Wrong information is worse than the lack of information
And did skin
Ex: placard not displayed when required
Avoid unwanted attention
Misunderstanding of requirements
Damaged/stolen/vandalized
Shippers underestimate weight
(Can occur whenever they estimate weight, can intentionally underestimate-reduce shipping costs)
Placards-displayed when prohibited
Ex:
VANDALISM
misunderstanding
Failure to remove (van/flatbed after unloading)
Scare away thieves
Documents that can be used by first responders to learn about materials that may be loaded aboard a TRANSPORT VEHICLE
Shipping papers
Shipping papers for items REGULATED by the FTR as hazardous materials will include–
Very specific types of information
Unregulated materials
May not have any document
Or may limited
Shipping papers-regulated-usually have for EACH item:
shipping papers will also include:
- proper shipping name
- hazard class AND 4 digit
- total quantity
- number and types of packages
- PACKING GROUP
- emergency response #(prob most important**shipper provides the #)
Shipper (origin)
Consignee (designation)
If Regulated and non regulated shipped together- on shipping paper- HM listed in a way to
Get the readers attention
- listed first
- color that contrasts (highlighted)
- X in “HM”column BEFORE Proper shipping name
During a highway transportation incident how can first responders use shipping papers to IDENTIFY materials WHILE ASSESSING potential hazards?
1) see if and of the SP are for shipments already delivered. Likely have RECEIVING SIGNATURE.
2) determine if any are hazardous materials
Refuse shipments are usually indicated on the shipping paper as
Exceptions with handwritten notations
SHIPPING PAPERS that contain hazardous materials entries may be FLAGGED with an
Attached tag
Shipping papers-regulated hazmats-will have prop ship name, 4 digit, and haz class. With this you can quickly research EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION w—
ERG or hazardous materials guide for first responders
When reading shipping papers first responders should pay attention to—-
The packing group
Packing group I, II, III=
DEGREE OF DANGER
great I, medium II, minor III
NOT all HAZARDOUS MATERIALS entires will include reference to a
Packing group
(Shipping papers)
Can be helpful in attempting to ASSESS THE MAGNITUDE of the incident and how first responders can expect the CONTAINERS TO REACT-
Type and number of containers
Hazardous materials become a problem only when
- released from container
- containers are stressed with the potential for release
A shipping paper indicating “compressed gas cylinders” can signal danger if–
The transport vehicle is on fire
This assessment does not take into account the subsequent effects of fire or water on these containers
Shipping papers-type and number of containers
Probably some of the most important information contained on shipping papers is an
Emergency response telephone number
Emergency response telephone number must be provided by the person who
THE SHIPPER
offers a regulated hazardous material for shipment
Emergency response telephone #
Must be monitored
In transportation
Including storage incidental to shipping
Emergency response telephone #
For someone who is
Knowledgeable about material AND has
-emergency response/incident mitigation info
OR
immediate access to someone who does
——MUST be available. MSDS option not mandatory
——-such as an ERG can be used
Emergency response info
Emergency response guidance document
Shipping papers relative to position of the shipment
Paper top of stack=rear
Bottom of stack =nose of vehicle
May apply in some circumstances there is no way to be sure first responders that this will always be the case
Despite the first responders ability to use shipping papers to his advantage he must remember that he must
FIRST GET THE SHIPPING PAPERS
Shipping papers are usually carried in
The vehicle with the driver
Shipping papers
best scenario
The driver presents the first responder with ALL of the shipping papers
Should not count on this
Usually indicated on shipping papers as exceptions with handwritten notations
Refused shipments
Very real biohazard threat
Shipping papers contain blood stains
Shipping papers contain blood stains
seal them in
CLEAR PLASTIC BAG
Avoid touching anybody fluids on the shipping papers
If first responders cannot safely approach a vehicle to get the shipping papers he may be able to
CONTACT SOMEONE who can provide him with a DUPLICATE SET of shipping papers
Or contact person can tell what was loaded on the vehicle
If a———–and the————-,the TRANSPORT VEHICLE may sometimes be marked with the telephone number of the MOTOR CARRIER
Trailer is disconnected from its tractor
trailer contain certain types of REGULATED hazardous materials
If a trailer is disconnected from its tractor, and the trailer contains certain types of REGULATED hazardous materials, the———– may sometimes be marked with the telephone number of the——
Alternatively the shipping papers may sometimes be——
Transport vehicle
motor carrier
Readily available on these vehicles
Additional highway transportation hazards
Besides hazmats on commercial vehicles
- potential for fire
- downed power lines (hit pole)
- LARGE truck TIRE-potential explosion hazard-ESPECIALLY during fires
- commercial vehicle-down embankment or highway median
Commercial vehicle-down roadside embankment or in highway medians- can be upright, on side, overturned.
Regardless of the vehicles position ——–should always be suspect especially since—-
Stability
any loaded materials may have shifted
Commercial vehicle-down roadside embankment or in highway medians- can be upright, on side, overturned.
Regardless of the vehicles position stability should always be suspect especially since any loaded materials may have shifted.
this hazard is especially important during incidents that involve—
FLAT BED TRUCKS Since these loads are often secured with nothing more than STRAPS or CHAINS that could have been damaged
Labels=
Non bulk
Drums cartons crates pails compressed gas cylinders
Placards=
Transport vehicles
Front rear both sides
Vans cargo tanks straight body trucks semi trailers
Determination of the background color, hazard class number, and symbol used on ————-is usually dependent upon the ——-of a material
Labels and placards
PRIMARY hazard class
certain hazard classes are exempt from——– if the aggregate gross weight of the material shipped in——– is less than 1001 lbs
Placarding requirements
non-bulk containers
———-Are normally required to display the four digit identification number along with the appropriate hazard class placard
Cargo tanks
There could be a display of a four digit identification number either in the center of a placard (in lieu of the hazard class name) OR on Orange panels on a VAN or FLATBED this could indicate the presence of materials——
Shipped in
- intermediate bulk containers or
- large number of non-bulk
——–Maybe used instead of individual placards for a mixed load of hazardous materials found in table 2 of the Federal transportation regulations
A DANGEROUS placard
A DANGEROUS Placard maybe used instead of individual placard’s for a ——–found in———-of the federal transportation regulations
Mixed load of hazardous materials
table 2
A packing group number can provide a relative assessment of———posed by a hazardous material.——— are the most dangerous
The danger
Packing Group I
First responder should always remember that there is no such thing as a ———especially when dealing with—–
Routine incident
hazardous materials
Some hazardous materials incidents are catastrophic events from the very beginning, most BEGIN as————–and only escalate when——-
Seemingly routine events
something goes terribly wrong
SPILLS from ———-are common especially during——months
Home heating oil tanks
winter
——From home heating oil tanks are common especially during winter months
Spills
During any incident that involves HOME HEATING OIL spilled INSIDE of a residence or even a CRAWLSPACE underneath the residence, first responders should give careful consideration to any decision that——-
Allows residents to remain inside
Contact local health officials, representatives from environmental agencies, local codes and compliance officials, perhaps even the fire marshal
Spills from home heating oil tanks
Spills from home heating oil tanks
for spills that occur outdoors first responders should remember that cleanup related to this type of spill will likely require—-
Removal of several inches of soil
Spills from home heating oil tanks
——–should be responsible for DETERMINING THE EXTENT of cleanup required
Representatives from regulatory agencies
Any delay in cleanup may allow the product to soak into surrounding soil and possibly affected drinking water Wells and septic systems
Home hearing oil
Spills of HEATING OIL OUTDOORS may migrate from the affected area in the event of—–
Rain
(Heating oil) indoor spills can—-
When this occurs first responders must determine if these drains are connected to local ——-or perhaps nearby—-
Enter floor drains
Sewer systems
Septic tanks
Spills from home heating oil tanks
the role of first responders during these types of incidents should be to–
- Ensure safety of potentially exposed
- contain the spread
Bills from home heating oil tanks
Contact representatives of LOCAL AND STATE AGENCIES with the financial resources and legal authority to ensure the situations are——
Managed correctly
During situations dealing with the GENERAL PUBLIC first responders using ———should always remember that any numerical values related to———for CARBON MONOXIDE will not apply
That’s decisions to allow reentry to——–based upon these levels may present the first responder with—
Atmospheric monitors
occupational exposure levels
Homes
potential legal challenges
(CO)
First responders using ———-will always need to consider whether their efforts to use these instruments while evaluating affected areas were appropriate in order to allow them to obtain —-
Atmospheric monitors accurate
Accurate readings
Source for DEVELOPING PROCEDURES for managing these types of incidents (CO)
“Responding to residential carbon monoxide incidents -guidelines for fire other emergency response personnel”
- techniques for using HANDHELD CO detectors
- acceptable exposure levels
- checklist
- form for advise
- US Consumer Product Safety Commission website
Fuming trash trucks or trash containers, or those with the detectable chemical odors or visible plumes of smoke are usually opportunities for first responders to—
Exceed their level of training
Most of these incidents involve the disposal of household hazardous materials that react when mixed with other items or when rainwater enters the container
Fuming trash containers and trash collection trucks
Incidents involving—— can occur at transfer stations and fixed facilities
Trash bins
Most containers such as these are labeled with signs prohibiting the disposal of hazardous materials
Roll off containers with open tops
If called to a scene that involves a ————first responders should remember that a company not only owns the trash truck or trashbin they also own the problem
FUMING or LEAKING trash container
Do not dig through —- trash bin
FUMING
FUMING trash truck/bin-treat like—-
THEN—-
Any other involving hazardous materials including step to isolate and deny entry
Notify company— inform them that they have a problem
Fuming trash bin/truck
Preferred response—
Not include any remediation activities performed by first responders
Suspicious odors and buildings
besides presenting a potential——–suspicious odors could originate from hazardous materials that are potentially—–
Health hazard
Flammable
Suspicious odors and buildings
as always first responder should
- ASSESS the scene
- EVACUATE affected buildings
- ACCOUNT for all personnel
- TREAT anyone who may be SYMPTOMATIC
Suspicious odors in buildings
some individuals may have evidence of——– and require decontamination prior to receiving medical care
Chemical contamination
First responders should anticipate that any response to————- at a———-can quickly escalate into a mass casualty incident
Investigate a suspicious odor
Large building
First responders should anticipate that any response to investigate a suspicious odor in a large building can quickly escalate into a—-
Mass casualty incident
(CO)
in addition to securing the scene and providing medical care first responders should attempt to——that may be the source of the odor. Only do so if it can be done safely
CONTROL an ONGOING release of a suspected hazardous material
In addition to securing the scene and providing for medical care first responders should attempt to control any ONGOING release of a suspected hazardous material that may be the source of the odor. Only do so if it can be done safely
CO
Control ongoing release-CO
this action most often involves control of—
NATURAL GAS or PROPANE supplies
To the building
At the metering device
Natural gas or propane emergencies may also require–
Control of ignition sources
—-Emergencies may also require the control of ignition sources
Natural gas or propane
(CO)
In order to DETERMINE THE SOURCE of an odor in a building first responders are encouraged to first—
Speak with
- occupants
- building owners
- those responsible for maintenance
(Co)
First responder should request to know if any activities had taken place recently that involve—-
the use of chemicals
- plumbing repairs
- floor finishing
- painting
- pest control
A few simple questions posed to owners occupants and maintenance personnel outside of the building could——– without having exposed personnel to a potentially dangerous environment inside
Likely yield the source of the odor
For first responders the decision to act defensively during a fire and allow the fuel to burn away rather than attempt to extinguish it may be reached only because—-
Yet during certain ——-involving hazardous materials this may be the best approach when it comes to—-
Water is unavailable
Fire situations
long-term outcomes
- Fertilizers
- pesticides
- tire piles
- spills of FLAMMABLE liquids that occur at fixed facilities or during–transportation accidents
Maybe best approach to:
Let fuel load burn away
First responders to remember that water or foam application present the threat of a potential—
Reaction with some hazardous materials
Runoff
—-Usually produce less runoff if any
Materials consume by fire
Materials consumed by fire usually—-
Produce less runoff if any
The elimination of water application from fire streams may allow for a ————with fewer airborne hazards and less cleanup of hazardous waste
Hotter and thus more complete combustion
While it is impossible to suggest a defensive FIRE ATTACK strategy for all occasions first responders should at least consider this option and RELY ON—–
Consultation with others
When deciding on a defensive strategy for FIRES involving hazardous materials the presence of ——–must be a consideration along with the anticipated impact of any——–
Nearby exposures
smoke plumes
for EXPOSURES that involve wooded areas ————–maybe one way to limit the spread of fire
Cutting a Fireline with a tractor
Any decision to allow a fire to burn can have ——–especially if the fire requires——- to extinguish
Political implications
several days
Therefore first responders should inform government officials and the public of their efforts
Nothing will get a first responders attention more or change the scope of an incident as quickly as will learning that—-
SOMEONE has been contaminated with a hazardous material
“Speed things up”
Presents FRs w urge to respond based upon raw emotion
Regardless of the material the best course of action for anyone contaminated by hazardous material is to be
Moved away from the source of contamination
Most exposures are the result of ————and putting distance between the product and people like we reduces those—-
Skin contact or inhalation levels of exposure
Most exposures are the result of skin contact or inhalation and ————-likely reduces those levels of exposure
Putting distance between the product and people
Contaminated patients
the safest scenario is when victims can move away from the source of the contamination without—-
Physical assistance
Contaminated patients
the safest scenario is when victims can———without physical assistance
Move away from the source of contamination
During ——the likelihood is that anyone exposed to hazardous material will be brought to safety by their coworkers
Industrial accidents
First responders may need to encourage contaminated individuals in a dangerous area to—-
Retreat to safety by providing voice directions
Contaminated patients
First responder should always resist the urge to–
Rush in to attempt a rescue
—–Should decide how far away any expose victims need to be from—-
First responders
the source
Any first responder considering rescue of a victim with suspected hazardous material contamination must determine if—-
Their attempts at rescue will expose them to contamination
When ———-first responders must always acknowledge the potential for serious injury or death to themselves and any others they may contact
CONDUCTING A RESCUE during a hazardous materials incident
When conducting a rescue during a hazardous materials incident the first responder must always acknowledge the potential for
Serious injury or death to themselves and any others they may CONTACT
When deciding whether to ENTER a contaminated area for RESCUE first responders can refer to ——for assistance
The ERG
ERG 2004 states each ——-includes a statement about the use of structural firefighters protective clothing (SFPC)
Guide (orange bordered page)
Each guide (orange bordered page) includes a statement about the use of——– in incidents involving those materials referenced by that guide
SFPC
Some say
- limited protection
- SFPC and SCBA- expedient(quick in and out) such as for an immediate rescue
Hazardous materials guide for first responders
several specific material guides include the statement
Do not put yourself in danger by entering a contaminated area to rescue a victim
Anyone with known or suspected contamination by a hazardous material must be subject to ——especially before—-
Decontamination
any level of medical care
The hazardous materials Guide for first responders states that removal of hazardous materials from ——–is usually the most important FIRST AID ACTION that can be initiated
the skin eyes or clothing of a victim (decontamination)
The hazardous materials guide for first responders states that in general using ———–is almost always the first choice for decontamination in the field
LARGE quantities of water to rinse off materials
The hazardous materials guide for first responder states that some materials are so toxic that ———–because of the risk of serious injury to the responder
FIRST AID should not be performed on contaminated victims
Before ever attending a RESUE during a hazardous materials incident first responders should always ensure that a ——-is available and located in a safe area before—-
RELIABLE WATER SUPPLY for GROSS decontamination
Making entry
When using —–for victim decontamination first responder should attempt to construct a means to ——-but ONLY IF——
Water
Contain runoff water
time allows
When using Water for victim decontamination first responder should attempt to construct a means to contain water runoff but only if time allows. if not then whenever possible these operations should avoid—–and should instead be conducted on—
Paved surfaces
porous surfaces
For some materials the ERG2004 states removal of ——–from skin requires medical assistance
Solidified molten material
For some materials the ERG 2004 states that removal of solidified molten material from skin requires—-
Medical assistance
For some materials the ERG 2004 states removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance or in case of CONTACT with substance—— from skin immediately then —–skin or eyes with RUNNING water for—
Wipe
Flush
At least 20 minutes
First responders are encouraged to obtain advice from information sources such as the ERG, the hazardous materials guide for first responders, applicable MSDS, and perhaps even poison control centers to determine appropriate methods for——– following——
Decontamination and patient care
chemical contamination
THOROUGH decontamination requires—
Removal of clothing
These items should be ISOLATED
—–Should be instructed to remove contaminated clothing but first responder should have some means to cover these individuals such as—
Ambulatory victims
disposable coveralls or bed linen from an ambulance
Anyone administering medical care including prehospital hospital providers should be made aware that the patient ——along with the—-
Had been previously contaminated
name of the materials involved
—-Should accompany any patients transported to medical facilities
Copies of MSDS
Situations involving ———are extremely rare but when they do occur they present first responders with technical and moral decisions
Rescue and decontamination
Situations involving rescue and victim decontamination are extremely rare but when they do occur they present first responders with both—-
Technical and moral decisions
Use HEAD and HEART
besides the potential for a fire hazard,——– produced by spills of home heating oil can have———on the occupants of the building where spill has occurred
Vapors
varying health effects
Delays in cleaning up a spill of home heating oil may allow the product to soak into the surrounding soil and possibly affect—
Drinking Wells and septic systems
First responder should not use ——related to occupational exposure levels for carbon monoxide when dealing with citizens in residential occupancies
Numerical values
Responding to residential carbon monoxide incidents guidelines for fire and other emergency response personnel was published in
November 2003 by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission
In order to ——–first responders are encouraged to first speak with occupants building owners and those responsible for maintenance
Determine the source of an odor in a building
When ———the presence of nearby exposure’s must be a consideration
Deciding on a defensive strategy for fires involving hazardous materials
Any first responder considering rescue of victim from hazardous materials contamination must determine whether the attempt is a–
Rescue or body recovery
Specialty foams can be used to suppress vapors from spills of certain CHEMICALS such as–
Corrosive liquids
Specialty foams are normally used only by ——who have the training to apply them safely and efficiently
Members of hazmat teams
—-Is a material that allows water to be used on fires that would otherwise not respond well to water application
Class B
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
To use foam, a foam concentrate is first—
Mixed with water to create a foam solution
to use foam, a foam concentrate is first mixed with water to create a foam solution. this solution is then—— to produce a—–
Mixed with air or ASPIRATED
lightweight foam with air bubbles
The solution is then mixed with air or aspirated to produce a lightweight foam with air bubbles. these BUBBLES allow the foam to—-
Form a blanket on the surface of flammable liquids
BUBBLES=BLANKET
Flammable liquids themselves do not burn but rather the vapors produced on the surface of the liquid Burn once the liquid reaches it’s—-
Flash point
Gasoline flashpoint
-45 degrees F
With the material such as gasoline which has a flashpoint of approximately -45°F ——– almost any time this material is——-
Vapors are produced
Handled
All that is usually needed for a fire to occur once gasoline is—— is an—-
Released from its container
ignition source
———-May originate not only from the temperature of the ambient (outside) air but also from hot surfaces
Heat that can generate vapor production
Heat that can generate vapor production may originate not only from the temperature of the ambient outside air but also from—-
Hot surfaces
Diesel fuel has a relatively high flashpoint usually–
ABOVE 100 degrees
Class B foam works on the surface of a burning flammable liquid in several ways:
- smother-eliminate oxygen
- separate flames/fuel
- cover the surface-suppress vapor production
- cool surrounding surface-decrease vapor production
SSCC
An advantage of using foam as opposed to dry chemicals is that once a fire is burning the—
Surrounding surfaces increase
If extinguished using dry chemical extinguishers there may still be sufficient retained heat nearby to keep the temperature of the liquid fuel—–
This heat can cause fuel vapors to—
Above it’s flashpoint
Reignite without an outside ignition source
Foam will ——-from flammable liquid spills that have yet to ignite
Suppress vapor production
Two major categories of FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS:
Polar solvents
nonpolar solvents
Flammable liquid
polar solvent
Will mix with water
Ex: alcohol
Flammable liquid
nonpolar solvent
Will not make Mix with water
Ex: hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline and diesel
The problem for first responders is that using certain types of foam on——— will allow this material to mix with the water that is used to produce the phone this can result in—-
Polar solvents
Destruction of the foam blanket
ERG-Foam for polar solvents
Alcohol resistant
ERG-Foam for nonpolar solvents
Regular foam
Consist of products from a protein hydrolysate
Protein and Flouroprotein foams
Produce relatively thick foam blankets
Protien and Flouroprotein foam
Produces thinner more fluid blanket
AFFF
Allows for a quick knockdown of a fire as the foam spreads more rapidly across the burning fuel surface
AFFF
-quick knockdown
Not as effective in preventing reignition as thicker protein and Fluoroprotein foams
AFFF
Foam for suppression of flammable liquid spill fires is usually referred to as—-
Low expansion foam
Foam for suppression of ———–it is usually referred to as low expansion foam
Flammable liquid spill fires
Low expansion foam is expanded with LESS THAN a foam solution volume ratio of ——-after being mixed with air
20:1
Medium and high expansion foam expansion ratios
20:1 to 1000:1
Remember tactics- 400:1 to 1000:1
High expensive foam can be used to fill burning voids spaces in buildings to——- class—–fires
Smother and cool
A
Generally not intended for use outdoors on flammable liquid spill fires
High ex
First responder should always check with the MANUFACTURER or SUPPLIER of any foam concentrate used by their department to learn information relative to——-
Specific EXPANSION ratios
and
appropriate applications
Class B foam generally diluted/proportioned:
1% 3% 6%
Foam concentrate to water
—–require less foam concentrate to produce equal amounts of foam solution
Lower DILUTION ratios
The ——- any foam concentrate used is determined by the manufacture of the foam concentrate
DILUTION ratio
Tricky
First responder should always remember to check with the manufacturer or supplier of any foam concentrate used by their department to learn information relative to specific EXPANSION ratios and appropriate application’s
The DILUTION ratio for any foam concentrate used is determined by the manufacturer of the foam concentrate
Some —–products are referred to by their manufacturer as——– meaning that the foam can be used at either dilution ratio depending upon——
AFFF
3%/6%
Type of APPLICATION
Manufacturer may recommend AFFF 3% for
6% for
Fires-nonpolar
Fires-polar
The decision to use foam at higher CONCENTRATIONS than that recommended by the manufacturer may—
NOT reduce the TIME required for extinguishing a fire
Foam concentrate can be stored using a—– when foam producing equipment is specified with apparatus or in portable plastic containers usually a 5 gallon capacity
Built in tank
Large ——-containers containing —–gallons of concentrate can be used
Metal or plastic
Several hundred
When purchasing foam concentrate it is important to check with the manufacturer in order to determine ——–including references to—-
Storage requirements
Storage temperature and shelf life
The HANDHELD appliance most critical to production of foam is typically referred to as an—-
In-line eductor
The discharge or male thread of an in-line eductor is normally ——–in diameter while the intake or female coupling may be in——- diameter depending upon the requirements of the user
1 1/2”
1 1/2” or 2 1/2”
Two important points to remember when selecting the discharge outlet to which the in-line eductor will be attached
Siphon tube must reach bottom of container (on ground)
Someone must be available to switch the siphon tube(quick- normally pump operator)
Discharge outlet to attach in-line eductor is probably best located in proximity to
Pump control panel
***Top mounted panel- 2 ppl
—–Can result in a decreased concentration of foam solution at the nozzle
Delay in switching siphon tube
Two characteristics of INLINE EDUCTORS are often overlooked
Minimum inlet pressure
Max length of hose
The decision for maximum hose length takes into consideration ——so this length will be change based upon the—–
Friction loss
diameter of the hose
Max length (some eductors) 1 3/4” hose
500-700 ft
The nozzle not only provides an EFFECTIVE PATTERN but is also responsible for MIXING foam solution with air to produce the—-
Desired expansion
In-line eductor
GPM Flow rating
metering valve
required inlet pressure
max hose length( depending on diameter of hose)
Nozzle
GPM flow rating
Aerate and expand solution
The hard part for most first responders is attaching the
Attack line to the inline eductor
(Attach line to eductor)
problems occur here because most ——-used for foam applications are usually—–
1 1/2” and 1 3/4” hose
Pre-connected attack lines
Most pre-connected lines are approximately ——in length
150 ft or 200 ft
All hoses and appliances must be thoroughly flushed after each use this is especially important with—
Built in foam systems
Determining the amount of foam needed is a function of
Minimum application rates
And
Dilution ratio
——-Determines the rate at which the foam solution is applied to the surface of the flammable liquid usually measured in ——–of spill surface
Minimum application rate
GPM per sq ft
Minimum application rates provide info regarding:
How much concentrate and water is needed
Minimum nozzle flow rate when applying solution
Spill fire
Not contained in a dike with an average depth that DOES NOT EXCEED 1”
Bound only by contour of surface
Minimum application rates for (not spill fire- fixed facility-tanks/dikes)should be determined by–
Preplanning
Minimum APPLICATION rates are available from
NFPA 11 “low medium and high expansion foam”
Tricky
***The dilution ratio of foam is determined by the manufacturer of the foam concentrate used
Minimum application rates are available from NFPA standard 11 low medium and high expansion foam *****these APPLICATION rates are dependent upon the type of foam used
AFFF non-diked spill fires -recommended application rate is
0.1 GPM per sq ft
Protien and Fluoroprotein foam
Minimum application rate
0.16 GPM per sq ft
NFPA 11 recommends that first responders using some types of ———check with the manufacturer of these concentrates in order to determine correct APPLICATION rates
AR foam
According to NFPA 11 first responders attending to extinguish a——-should be prepared for a minimum discharge time of—
Spill fire
15 minutes
It is beneficial to calculate the requirements for FIREFIGHTING FOAM—–
Upon arrival at an incident
First responder should also be capable of preplanning the maximum fire suppression capability of their——- before an incident occurs
Apparatus and foam equipment
Each fire apparatus essentially operates as ——- with a defined limit to its capabilities for foam application
Self contained unit
The critical point is to know whether or not to———- with available foam resources in hopes of being able to extinguish a SPILL FIRE involving—–
Initiate a quick attack
Flammable liquids
Any attempts by first responders to extinguish a flammable liquid spill fire could——- either in terms of—–
Exceed their capabilities
water
foam concentrate
application rate
The key to foam Preplanning
Knowing when to delay fire attack
Knowing when to delay fire attack is the–
Key to foam preplanning
Knowing when to—–is the key to foam preplanning
Delay fire attack
ESTIMATE the Maximum size spill fire that could likely be extinguished is based upon:
- type of foam
- amount of foam
- amount of water in booster tank
- flow rate of nozzle
PREPLAN foam ffing capabilities. Need to know:
1) dilution ratio-(manufacturer)
2) application rate-(NFPA 11)
3) capacity of water tank
4) amount of foam on apparatus
All ——must provide for a minimum discharge time of 15 minutes
Foam solutions
330 ft= —- in diameter. About the size of a —
20 ft
Average 2 car garage
Spill fire larger than you can handle
Protect exposures while waiting for additional resources
Increasing the foam APPLICATION rate above the minimum recommended by NFPA 11 will NOT allow first responders to extinguish a LARGER fire but it can——
Reduce the TIME required to achieve control and extinguish the fire
Increasing dilution ratio will usually
NOT decrease this time but rather will waste foam concentration
Preplan calculations
500 gal tank=
1000 gal tank=
333 sq ft
666 sq ft
Most first responders attending to extinguish a flammable liquid spill fire with a hoseline will achieve satisfactory results by aiming the nozzle to—-
They will then attempt to ——the foam onto the surface of the fire
Just in front of the leading edge of the fire
“Roll” or “push”
The stream from a foam nozzle should NEVER be
Directed into a BURNING fuel
First responders should be prepared to direct the nozzle AWAY FROM the spill fire in the event that they no longer
SEE FOAM being discharged from the nozzle
Once ———the INTEGRITY of the blanket must be maintained since it may BREAKDOWN over time as——-
A fire is EXTINGUISHED
Water DRAINS from the foam solution
(May also occur on spill when suppressing vapors/ignition)
——–Will likely require additional foam concentrate and water at the scene for an extended period of time
Maintenance of a foam blanket
To ensure the effectiveness of any FOAM BLANKET it is vital that first responders refrain from————— a foam blanket once it is in place
Walking through or otherwise disturbing
Atmospheric monitors should be used to detect the presence of flammable vapors that will likely indicate——
The need to reapply foam
When dealing with a flammable liquid spill despite the presence of what appears to be an effective foam blanket along with acceptable readings from an atmospheric monitor ———–is a necessity
Elimination of ignition sources
No road flares
No lit tobacco
Class B foam may be referred to as either—-
Regular or alcohol resistant
Remember 2 major categories of flammable liquids
- polar
- nonpolar
CLASSIFICATIONS of class B foam concentrate include the
Percentages for which they are to be proportioned or diluted with water
Classifications=proportioned/diluted
Referred to as=regular or AR
Any attempt by first responders to extinguish a fire that exceeds their capabilities may result in —-
Being unable to GAIN CONTROL of the fire
Increasing the foam dilution rate will only increase the ——-of the concentrate while not decreasing the amount of time required to extinguish a spill fire
Consumption rate
——Should be used to determine the effectiveness of foam blankets
Atmospheric monitors
atmospheric monitor should be used to determine—
The effectiveness of foam blankets
First responders should constantly assess the status of
Any containers that may be involved
