Hazards resulting from mass movements

Question 1

Nature/Causes of 2018 mudslides in Southern California

Answer 1

intense rainfall
soft, poorly unconsolidated rock
steep relief of 1547m above sea level
over the San Andreas fault

Question 2

Impacts of the 2018 Southern California mudslide

Answer 2

23 killed
debris flow 5mtall and 20mph
163 injuries
$207mil of property damage
20,000 lost power and water

Question 3

Management strategies of the 2018 Southern Californian mudslide

Answer 3

hazard maps with probability of soil liquefaction
land use and building ordinances completed
education and warning programmes

Question 4

evaluation of attempts to reduce mass movement in Southern California 2018

Answer 4

many ignored evacuation attempts
rock bolts, netting and pinning were not appropriate

Question 5

Nature/Causes of landslides in Hong Kong

Answer 5

Hilly topography 60% mountains
high population density
monsoon season April-September

Question 6

impacts on lives and property in Hong Kong

Answer 6

between 1972-2008, 400 fatalities

Question 7

management and prediction strategies in Hong Kong

Answer 7

first to design and operate a territorial landslide early warning system - 1977
a focus on structural sloe stabilisation
rainfall trackers to help predicition

Question 8

evaluation of attempts to reduce mass movement in Hong Kong

Answer 8

risk reduced by 50%
ALTHOUGH success has led people to believe they are immune from the dangers

Question 9

influences on perception of risk

Answer 9

level of education
employment status
religion
family and material status
past experience
personality
socio-economic status

Question 10

emotional and social responses to risks are:

Answer 10

fatalism
adaptation/adjustment
fear

Question 11

What does Park’s disaster response cure show

Answer 11

The model shows the deterioration of the quality of life of the people affected and the speed at which the country returns to normality.

Question 12

What does Park’s model take into account?

Answer 12

hazards are inconsistent
all hazards have different impacts and responses
wealthier countries may recover faster
multiple hazards can occur at once/affect many countries

Question 13

VARGUS MUDFLOWS: causes of the mudflows

Answer 13

in 52hrs, the rainfall of a year 91cm fell.
slopes had been over-steepened resulting in thousands of shallow landslides which were then liquefied turning them into debris slides

Question 14

VARGUS MUDFLOWS: characteristics of the mudflows

Answer 14

14.5m per second
river channels were eroded down several m
debris flows overwhelmed pre-existing concrete channels

Question 15

VARGUS MUDFLOWS: environmental impacts

Answer 15

deposits were a volume of 1.8million cubic m

Question 16

VARGUS MUDFLOWS: economic impacts

Answer 16

damages of up to $3.5bn
more than 9,000 homes were destroyed
public services completely disappeared under debris

Question 17

VARGUS MUDFLOWS: social impacts

Answer 17

death toll between 10,000-50,000
75,000 displaced
70% of Venezuela was affected

Question 18

VARGUS MUDFLOWS: governmental responses

Answer 18

reluctant to accept international aid/ from capitalist as it was a very socialist government

Question 19

VARGUS MUDFLOWS: results of reluctant government

Answer 19

no food or water for months
looting forced military to enforce martial law
Venezuelan’s not affected were urged to ‘adopt a family’

Question 20

VARGUS MUDFLOWS: help from aid

Answer 20

more than 100,000 evacuated
US sent helicopters but only 450 troops were allowed