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Weather > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Fog

A

Visible moisture with base below 50’ and no visible downward motion
–Fog (FG): visibility less than 5/8 SM
–Mist (BR): visibility greater to or equal to ≥ 5/8 SM

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2
Q

Fog

Formation Factors

A

Small temperature/dew point spread

Abundant condensation nuclei

Light surface wind

Cooling land surfaces, warm air above

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3
Q

Fog

Cooling Actions

A

Radiation

Adiabatic

Conduction

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4
Q

Fog

Dissipation Factors

A

Heating

Strong wind

Greenhouse effect/overcast sky

  • prevents fog.
  • slows fog dissipation
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5
Q

Fog

Types

A

Radiation fog

Advection fog

Precipitation-Induced fog

Upslope fog

Freezing fog

•Ice Fog

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6
Q

Radiation Fog

A

Results from radiation cooling on clear, calm nights

  • Relatively shallow
  • Light winds
  • Midnight to sunrise
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7
Q

Advection Fog

A

Results from surface cooling

  • Warm, moist air flowing over a cooler surface
  • Deepens with winds 3-9 KTS
  • Can be deep, persistent
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8
Q

Precipitation-Induced Fog

A

Results from precipitation falling through cool, unsaturated air

  • Ahead of warm front/behind cold front
  • Can be quite dense, extend over large areas, and be long-lived
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9
Q

Upslope Fog

A

Results from moist, stable air being lifted by sloping terrain

  • Cools adiabatically
  • Winds >10 KTS
  • May cause cap clouds
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10
Q

Freezing Fog

A

Results when supercooled droplets contact freezing surface

  • Supercooled droplets remain liquid until contacting freezing surface
  • Sub-freezing temps
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11
Q

Ice Fog

A

Results from extremely cold temperatures and deposition

  • Tiny ice crystals suspended in air
  • Temps ≤-30°C
  • Often seen in Arctic/Polar air
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12
Q

Fog

Flight Planning

A

Consider fog formation at destination.
–Do I have a moisture source?
–Do I have lifting action nearby?
–Is the wind strong enough to dissipate current fog?

Check weather reports.

Pick an alternate airfield.

Ask questions.

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13
Q

Icing

Types

A

Rime Ice
Clear Ice
Mixed Ice
Frost

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14
Q

Rime Ice

A

Forms from small supercooled water droplets

Easy to break loose.

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15
Q

Clear Icing

A

Forms from large supercooled water droplets

Clear, hard and glossy solid ice.

(d) Smooth or rough.

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16
Q

Mixed Ice

A

(a) Combination of rime and clear ice.
(b) Forms rapidly.
(c) Most common from -10° to -15°C.

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17
Q

Frost

A

Ice crystals formed by deposition of water vapor contacting a cold surface

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18
Q

Freezing Rain

A

Freezing rain forms when rain droplets are supercooled by passage through a layer of air which has a sub-zero temperature.

Most dangerous icing condition outside of a thunderstorm

Most common with warm fronts

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19
Q

Where would be a likely frontal location to find freezing rain?

A

Warm fronts

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20
Q

Thunderstorms

Development Factors

A

Unstable or conditionally unstable air
High moisture content
Lifting action

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21
Q

Thunderstorms

Types

A
  • Air mass
  • Orographic
  • Frontal
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22
Q

Air Mass

A

Caused by surface heating

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23
Q

Orographic

A

Caused by terrain effects

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24
Q

Frontal

A

Cold Front, including Squall Lines
Warm Front
Stationary Front
Occluded Front

25
Q

Thunderstorms

Cumulus Stage

A

(a) Vertical currents –all upward.
(b) Temperature distribution – warmer in cloud than outside.
(c) Turbulence – light to moderate.
(d) Surface winds – gusty and variable.
(e) Precipitation - -none outside of cloud.

26
Q

Mature stage

A

begins when precipitation starts

(a) Vertical currents – possible 6,000 F.P.M. up and 4,000 F.P.M. down.
(b) Temperature distribution – warmer in updraft areas and colder in downdraft areas.
(c) Turbulence (most severe in mid-altitude levels).
(d) Surface winds – strong and gusty
(e) Precipitation – heavy rain showers.

Begins when precip starts
•Vertical currents – possible
    6,000 fpm up/4,000 fpm
    down – Most turbulent stage
•Temp distribution – warmer
    in updraft areas, colder in
    downdraft areas
•Surface winds – strong and
    gusty
•Precip – heavy rain showers
•Average height – 25,000’ at
    start of mature stage
27
Q

Dissipating stage

A

(a) Vertical currents – all downward.
(b) Temperature distribution – colder in cloud than outside.
(c) Turbulence – moderate to severe.
(d) Surface winds – strong and gusty.
(e) Precipitation – heavy rain showers decreasing to light to none.

28
Q

What type of TS is created as moist air lifts to the LFC near a mountain range?

A

Orographic TS

29
Q

Which stage of a TS is described as being the most turbulent and having both up and down drafts?

A

Mature Stage

30
Q

Microbursts

A

short-lived, powerful downburst of air associated with convective activity with diameters up to ½ mile, lasting 5 – 15 minutes.

(1) Winds extending out up to 2.5 miles
(2) Most commonly occur:
- Mid-summer - Between 11 am and 4 pm - With cloud tops between 10,000’ and 20,000’

31
Q

Wet microburst

A

– A typical wet-microburst is produced from a cumulus cloud with heavy rain. A descending wet microburst may first appear as a darkened mass of rain descending through light rain.

Has rain

32
Q

Dry microburst

A

– A typical dry microburst is produced from a cumulus cloud with little or no surface rain. In extremely dry situation, the storm will normally produce virga. The dry-microburst may have a ring of dust under the base of the cloud, indicating the surface position.

Has Virgo

33
Q

What are the four conditions necessary for the formation of fog.

A

a. light surface wind
b. small temperature/dewpoint spread
c. condensation nuclei
d. cooling land surfaces

34
Q

What are the dissipation factors of fog?

A

a. heating
b. strong wind
c. greenhouse effect/overcast sky

35
Q

What type of cooling action causes radiation fog to form?

A

radiation cooling

36
Q

Describe the formation and typical location of precipitation-induced fog

A

Precipitation-induced fog is created as rain falls through a frontal inversion and saturates the cooler air below. It is typically found ahead of a warm front or behind a cold front

37
Q

What type of fog is formed through the process of deposition?

A

ice fog

38
Q

The 2400L forecast report (TAF) for your destination airport predicts the sky CLR, wind at 4 knots, temperature of 17°, and a dew point 15°. You will arrive at this destination shortly after midnight. What weather (by METAR coding) would you expect to encounter upon arrival?

A

FG

39
Q

Question 6 (The 2400L forecast report (TAF) for your destination airport predicts the sky CLR, wind at 4 knots, temperature of 17°, and a dew point 15°. You will arrive at this destination shortly after midnight. What weather (by METAR coding) would you expect to encounter upon arrival?)

Referring back to question 6: Assume the same conditions exist, except the forecast wind for 2400L was stronger –12-15 knots. (There is no body of water nearby.) What kind of weather would you expect? Why?

A

Clear skies would be expected because the strong wind would tend to prevent or dissipate any fog.

40
Q

Your December mission is taking you to Tyndall AFB, KPAM, along the Florida Gulf Coast. The ground is cold. Warm, moist air is flowing inland (at 3-9 kts) from the Gulf of Mexico. You would expect ______ (type) fog to form, possibly covering a ____ area.

A

advection; large

41
Q

Moist, stable air is being forced up an incline, expanding and cooling as it is lifted. What type of fog will occur when this air reaches the saturation point?

A

upslope

42
Q

Fog has formed during the late evening hours. Before sunrise, a thick overcast layer of clouds moves in over the fog. What effect will this have on the dissipation of this fog?

A

The OVC cloud layer will slow the dissipation of the fog.

43
Q

What type of icing is described as small supercooled water droplets in temperatures -8° to -10° and stratus clouds?

A

rime

44
Q

Clear icing will typically occur in cumulus clouds where supercooled water droplets are _____ than those in stratiform clouds.

A

larger

45
Q

What intensity of icing would require immediate diversion from the affected altitudes?

A

severe

46
Q

Where is a common frontal location to find freezing rain (during the winter months)?

A

warm front

47
Q

In addition to being a hazard to vision by covering windshields, ice can cause a loss of vital airspeed readings by covering the _______.

A

pitot tube

48
Q

What factors are needed for a thunderstorm to form?

A

Unstable air, small temperature/dewpoint spread, lifting action

49
Q

What type of frontal thunderstorm would match the definition of “A severe line of thunderstorms that form ahead of a fast moving cold front”?

A

squall line

50
Q

A summertime thunderstorm is building over your stagefield, just as it has done every day for the past week about 3 pm. What type of thunderstorm is forming?

A

air mass

51
Q

The windward side of the mountain range has vertical clouds developing into a thunderstorm. What type of thunderstorm is forming?

A

orographic

52
Q

The three stages of thunderstorm, in the order of development, are

A

cumulus
mature
dissipating

53
Q

The most sever weather would occur in which stage of a thunderstorm?

A

mature

54
Q

How do you know the cumulus stage has ended and the mature stage has begun?

A

Precipitation and downdrafts are descending from the cloud.

55
Q

In the developments of a thunderstorm, only updrafts are found in the ____stage.

A

cumulus

56
Q

What is the recommended flight procedure in the vicinity of a thunderstorm?

A

circumnavigate or land

57
Q

A microburst occurring in the heavy rain shaft of a thunderstorm would be classified as a ____ microburst,t

A

wet

58
Q

A microburst with virga from under vertical clouds would be classified as a ___ microburst.

A

dry

59
Q

Choose the best conditions for a dry microburst to happen near KOZR:

a. ST clouds, 08:00CST, December 18
b. CU clouds, 14:00CST, July 14
c. AS clouds, 21:00CST, May31
d. CI clouds, 12:00CST, February 20

A

b. CU clouds, 14:00CST, July14

Weather (9 decks)

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