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Physcial Geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard

A

A potential to threat human life and property

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2
Q

What are the 3 major types of hazard

A

Geophysical - caused by land processes eg volcanoes - majorly tectonics

Atomospheric - eg wildfires caused by weather

Hydrological - caused by water bodies and movement eg flooding

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3
Q

What is perception

A

People have different viewpoints of how dangerous a hazard will be what risk they pose

Dependent on lifestyle, economic, cultural factors

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4
Q

What is prediction

A

Using past events in order to know when a hazard will take place

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5
Q

What is adaptation

A

Attempting to live with hazards by adjusting lifestyle choice

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6
Q

Mitigation

A

Strategies carried out to lessen severity of hazard

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7
Q

Management

A

Strategies to reduce hazards effects

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8
Q

What is the Park model and what is the 4 bottom axis

A

Graphical representation of steps carried out in hazard recovery
-can be used in comparing hazardous events (eg hazardous event in LIC will have longer recovery time than HIC)

steepness of curve shows how quickly an area deteriorates and recovers

depth of the curve shows the scale of the disaster (ie. lower the curve, lower the quality of life)

pre- disaster
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction

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9
Q

What is stage 1 - Relief (Parks model)

A

(hours-days)

  • immediate local response - medical aid, search and rescue
  • immediate appeal for foreign aid- the beginning of the global response
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10
Q

What is stage 2- rehabilitation (parks model)

A

(days-

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11
Q

Hazards caused by volcanoes

A

Lava flows
Lahars(mudflows) - caused by melting ice at high latitudes
Floods- melting ice
Tephra - why rock ejected from volcano

Toxic gassed - released during eruptions

Acid rain - cause by sulfur dioxide released into atmosphere

Pyrocoastic flows - clouds of burning hot ash and gas that collapse down volcano at high speeds

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12
Q

Tsunami

A

Cause when water is displaced from plates moving underwater, creating a large wave

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13
Q

Liquifactuon

A

When soul is saturated , vibrations of earth cause it to act like liquid . Soil becomes weak

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14
Q

Storm surge

A

Large rises in sea level - low pressure and Hugh winds

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15
Q

What is a natural hazard

A

caused by natural processes

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16
Q

What is vulnerability

A

how susceptible a population is to the damage caused by a hazard

17
Q

Impacts of hazards

A

Hazards can have significant impact while they are occurring and often need an emergcancy response

impacts can also go on for a long tie after the hazard has passed

18
Q

How do circumstances of people affect their perception of hazards

A

people view hazards in different ways:
some will believe that they will never experience a hazard
some adapt their lifestyle to minimise risk
and some accept hazards as being beyond their control

19
Q

There are many responses to hazards that individuals and the gov. may take to try reduce vulnerability and its impacts

A

people may try to prevent a hazard for example;
building flood defences.

people may try to mitigate impacts by protection and adaptation

gov may coordinate response to a hazard to manage effectively

20
Q

How can level of development affect how well a country manage hazards affectively

A

lack of wealth and technology
can lead to lack of education of hazards and how to stay safe and may not get warnings on phones etc

21
Q

How is the park model good

A

shows how responses progress during a disaster which may help learners predict what resources will be needed for each stage,

also helps planners prepare for future hazard

22
Q

What are the four phases in the hazard management cycle (state)

A

mitigation
preparedness
response
recovery

23
Q

What are the four phases in the hazard management cycle (describe)

A

Mitigation- aims to minimise impact of future disasters

preparedness- about planning how to respond to hazard

response- how people react when a disasters occurs

recovery- about getting the affected area back to normal

24
Q

The inner and outer core contain lots of ….?

A

iron and nicklel

25
Q

The inner core is a

A

solid ball

26
Q

the outer core is

A

solid molten

27
Q

What type of crust is thicker continential or oceanic?

A

continental is thicker at 30-70km but is less dense than
oceanic crust which is thinner (6-10km) but more dense

28
Q

What is the earths main internal source of energy

A

some of the heat energy is leftover from when the earth formed and some is left over from radioactive decay of elements such as uranium

29
Q

What are the theories of how tectonic plates move

A

convection currents
ridge push
slab pull

30
Q

How do convection currents move tectonic plates?

A

The core is very hot and lower parts of the asthenosphere heat up and slowly rise

as they move towards the top of asthenosphere they cool down, become dense and slowly sink

the circular movements of the semi molten rock create drag on base of tectonic plate causing them to move

31
Q

How does slab pull move tectonic plates

A

at destructive plate margins
denser crust is forced under less dense crust

32
Q

How does ridge push move tectonic plates

A

at constructive plate margin- magma rises to surface and formms a new crust.

This heats the surrounding rocks which expand and rise above the surface of the surrounding rocks forming a slope

as the new crust cools and becomes denser- gravity causes the denser rock to move down slope away from plate margins

this puts pressure on plate margins- causing them to move apart

33
Q

What is seafloor spreading

A

as tectonic plates diverge, magma rises up to fill in the gap created- this then cools to form new crust

over time the new crust is dragged apart to form more new crust

whe this happens at a plate margin under the sea the plate margin gets wider

34
Q

what does seafloor spreading create

A

mid ocean ridges

35
Q

3 types of plate margins

A

constructive, destructive and conservative

36
Q

what type of plate margins do volcanoes occur?

A

constructive and estructuve

37
Q

Economic factors that influence perceptions of hazards

A

-quality of housing and infrastructure is likely to be higher in wealthier areas- this may mean that people feel safer

  • increased spending and preparation and prediction- this may mean that people are more aware of the risks and are able to evacuate

-more investment in education- this may mean that people understand the potential dangers and are more likely to take action to minimise risk

38
Q

Cultural factors that influence perception os hazards

A

-cultural values and beliefs may affect whether people trust scientific and government officials- this may mean they underestimate the risk

-some cultures believe that hazards are an act of god- may mean they dont wan to evacuate

people who have previously experienced a hazard may be more fearful- may mean they are more prepared

Physcial Geography (4 decks)

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