Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

define hazard

A

an event which has the potential to cause harm to the environment, people, or economy

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2
Q

define natural disaster

A

an event which has the potential to cause harm caused by environmental processes

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3
Q

describe how a destructive plate boundary forms

convergent/subducting

A
  • convection currents drive the plates together
  • heavy oceanic plate subducts under lighter continental plate
  • friction causes heat which melts the oceanic plate, forming magma
  • magma rises through the cracks in the crust
  • a strato-volcano forms
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4
Q

describe how a contstructive plate boundary forms

divergent

A
  • convection currents causes the two plates to DIVERGE (pull apart)
  • convection currents causes hot magma to rise through the crust
  • cool magma either solidifies to form rock or sinks
  • CONSTRUCTS (forms) a shield volcano
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5
Q

describe how a conservative plate boundary forms

transform

A
  • two plates rub against eachother in opposite directions, creating friction
  • friction builds up energy
  • energy released in the form of seismic waves, aka earthquake
  • creates fault lines
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6
Q

describe how a collision plate boundary forms

A
  • two continental plates COLLIDE and create fold mountains
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7
Q

what anomalies are present in the distribution of volcanos and EQ’s?

A
  1. INLAND NORTHERN INDIA: many earthquakes, little volcanoes
  2. AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY: many volcanoes, little earthquakes
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8
Q

where are the most earthquakes and volcanoes clustured?

A

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE in the Pacific ocean: 70% of all EQ’s

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9
Q

which plate boundaries are earthquakes most frequent and powerful?

A
  • Destructive (subduction)
  • Conservative (rub against eachother)
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10
Q

describe the process of earthquake formation

A
  • as tectonic plates move, they can get stuck
  • plates try to move –> pressure builds
  • plates jolt free, pressure released as energy as seismic waves
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11
Q

what is the focus of a volcano?

A

where the earthquake starts within the plate

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12
Q

what is the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

the point directly above the focus

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13
Q

how are earthquakes measured?

A

richter scale
moment magnitude scale

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14
Q

how does the richter scale measure earthquakes?

A
  • seismometer measures magnitude (detects seismic waves)
  • seismometer produces seismograph
  • LOGRAITHMIC SCALE
  • 1-2 cant feel anything and happen regularly
  • 7+ very powerful, lots of destruction
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15
Q

how does the moment magnitude scale measure earthquakes?

A
  • measures magnitude as energy released
  • more accurate
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16
Q

what are immediate responses to EQ’s?

A
  • issuing warnings: EAS, text message, television, radio, sirens
  • rescue teams search for survivors
  • provide treatment for injured people
  • food, drink, shelter
17
Q

what are long term responses to EQs?

A
  • rebuilding + repairing properties and infrastructure
  • improve building regulations
  • restoring utilities
  • install monitoring equipment
18
Q

EARTHQUAKE CASE STUDY: KASHMIR, PAKISTAN

7.6 magnitude
8 October 2005

A

PRIMARY EFFECTS:
* buildings collapsed
* 79,000 ppl killed
* landslides, large cracks

SECONDARY EFFECTS:
* broken sewage pipes contaminated water supplies, spread disease
* people died of cold during harsh winters due to loss of housing/shelter

32,000 buildings destroyed

19
Q

which plate boundaries do volcanoes occur at?

A

constructive
destructive
+hotspots

20
Q

how do volcanoes form at conservative PB?

A

GENTLY SLOPING SIDES, SHIELD VOLCANO
* lava escapes through gap formed
* lava cools –> forms new crust

21
Q

how do volcanoes occur at hotspots?

A

ISLANDS E.G HAWAII
* tectonic plate passes over plume of magma
* magma rises through cracks in crust
* tectonic plate moves slowly over magma plume –> forms line of islands

22
Q

list primary hazards of volcanoes

A
  • ash
  • pyroclastic flow
  • lava flow
  • gas emissions
  • volcanic bombs
23
Q
A