hazards Flashcards
where is the focus?
deep in the mantle
(deeper = less impact)
what are the 4 layers of the earth?
- inner core - solid metal
- outer core - liquid metal
- mantle - thickest
- crust - continental and oceanic
what is an earthquake?
the sudden violent shaking of the ground due to the Earth’s plates moving building up friction, realising the pressure energy in the form of shaking.
what are convection currents?
are in the mantle, caused by heat from the core, resulting in the crust moving
what are the 4 types of plate boundaries?
constructive, destructive, conservative, collision
describe constructive PB?
plates moving apart from one another. this allows for magma to rise up to form new crust and a volcano (weak)
landforms created from constructive PB?
(example)
ocean ridges, volcanoes
ICELAND
describe destructive PB?
oceanic plate is being subducted under the continental plate. the plate becomes magma due to melting from the friction
landforms created from destructive PB?
(example + hazards)
oceanic trenches and volcanoes (dangerous)
Mount Etna Sicily
tsunamis and earthquakes
describe conservative PB?
plates sliding past each other, pressure builds from the different angles; speed they move at realising as an earthquake
landforms created from conservative PB?
(example + hazards)
non created
earthquakes
San Andreas Fault, CA
describe collision PB?
2 continental plates the collide, forcing the sediment in the middle to be forced upwards
landforms created from collision PB?
(examples + hazard)
fold mountains
earthquakes
Himalayas
what is a hot spot?
thin crust allowing magma to burst through. they form volcanos
largest recorded earthquake?
Chile 1960 (9.5 on the Richter scale)
how to measure an earthquake?
Richter and Mercalli scale
comparing the HIC and LIC earthquakes:
Christchurch, NZ
Haiti
comparing primary effects of both earthquakes
HIC: 181 deaths; 2000 injured; 50% damaged buildings
LIC: 300,000 deaths; 1mill homeless; 3mill affected, 250,000 homes destroyed/damaged
comparing secondary impacts
HIC: loss of income and jobs; no rugby world cup; damages pipes
LIC: jobs lost 20%; make shift shanty towns; damaged ports,
roads, coms; crime; cholera
what are the 3 P’s?
prediction - scientists
prepare - educate
protection - tech
why are seismic areas good?
- fertile soil = jobs, food = ££
- tourism = jobs = ££ locally
- minerals = jobs = ££
indications of a volcanic eruption
change in…
shape, temp
all monitered through equipment
NOT ALLWAYS POSSIBLE!
what is the coriolis force
a force created from the spin of the earth
what provides energy for a TS?
warm ocean water
conditions needed for a TS?
+27’C sea temp
+70meter in sea depth
trade winds
location of TS occur?
5’ - 20’ north and south of the equator
how long does a TS last?
7-14 days
how to measure the strength of a TS?
Saffir-Simpson scale
how to measure the intensity of a TS?
Mercalli scale
why are LIC’s more impacted by TS?
- poorly structured buildings
- lack of prep
- heavy relied on own agricultre
TS case study?
Typhoon Haiyan
long tern impact of TH
- bodies being found 7 weeks later
-cholera
long term responses of TH
mangroves re-planted
no-build zones
primary impacts of TH?
90% of structures destroyed/damaged
8000 deaths
2 mill homeless
secondary impacts of TH?
bodies unburied = disease
disease
infected woods
agricultural destruction
loss of national income
