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hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the focus?

A

deep in the mantle
(deeper = less impact)

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2
Q

what are the 4 layers of the earth?

A
  1. inner core - solid metal
  2. outer core - liquid metal
  3. mantle - thickest
  4. crust - continental and oceanic
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3
Q

what is an earthquake?

A

the sudden violent shaking of the ground due to the Earth’s plates moving building up friction, realising the pressure energy in the form of shaking.

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4
Q

what are convection currents?

A

are in the mantle, caused by heat from the core, resulting in the crust moving

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of plate boundaries?

A

constructive, destructive, conservative, collision

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6
Q

describe constructive PB?

A

plates moving apart from one another. this allows for magma to rise up to form new crust and a volcano (weak)

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7
Q

landforms created from constructive PB?
(example)

A

ocean ridges, volcanoes

ICELAND

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8
Q

describe destructive PB?

A

oceanic plate is being subducted under the continental plate. the plate becomes magma due to melting from the friction

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9
Q

landforms created from destructive PB?

(example + hazards)

A

oceanic trenches and volcanoes (dangerous)

Mount Etna Sicily
tsunamis and earthquakes

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10
Q

describe conservative PB?

A

plates sliding past each other, pressure builds from the different angles; speed they move at realising as an earthquake

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11
Q

landforms created from conservative PB?

(example + hazards)

A

non created

earthquakes
San Andreas Fault, CA

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12
Q

describe collision PB?

A

2 continental plates the collide, forcing the sediment in the middle to be forced upwards

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13
Q

landforms created from collision PB?

(examples + hazard)

A

fold mountains

earthquakes
Himalayas

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14
Q

what is a hot spot?

A

thin crust allowing magma to burst through. they form volcanos

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15
Q

largest recorded earthquake?

A

Chile 1960 (9.5 on the Richter scale)

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16
Q

how to measure an earthquake?

A

Richter and Mercalli scale

17
Q

comparing the HIC and LIC earthquakes:

A

Christchurch, NZ
Haiti

18
Q

comparing primary effects of both earthquakes

A

HIC: 181 deaths; 2000 injured; 50% damaged buildings

LIC: 300,000 deaths; 1mill homeless; 3mill affected, 250,000 homes destroyed/damaged

19
Q

comparing secondary impacts

A

HIC: loss of income and jobs; no rugby world cup; damages pipes

LIC: jobs lost 20%; make shift shanty towns; damaged ports,
roads, coms; crime; cholera

20
Q

what are the 3 P’s?

A

prediction - scientists
prepare - educate
protection - tech

21
Q

why are seismic areas good?

A
  1. fertile soil = jobs, food = ££
  2. tourism = jobs = ££ locally
  3. minerals = jobs = ££
22
Q

indications of a volcanic eruption

A

change in…
shape, temp
all monitered through equipment
NOT ALLWAYS POSSIBLE!

23
Q

what is the coriolis force

A

a force created from the spin of the earth

24
Q

what provides energy for a TS?

A

warm ocean water

25
Q

conditions needed for a TS?

A

+27’C sea temp
+70meter in sea depth
trade winds

26
Q

location of TS occur?

A

5’ - 20’ north and south of the equator

27
Q

how long does a TS last?

A

7-14 days

28
Q

how to measure the strength of a TS?

A

Saffir-Simpson scale

29
Q

how to measure the intensity of a TS?

A

Mercalli scale

30
Q

why are LIC’s more impacted by TS?

A
  • poorly structured buildings
  • lack of prep
  • heavy relied on own agricultre
31
Q

TS case study?

A

Typhoon Haiyan

32
Q

long tern impact of TH

A
  • bodies being found 7 weeks later
    -cholera
33
Q

long term responses of TH

A

mangroves re-planted
no-build zones

34
Q

primary impacts of TH?

A

90% of structures destroyed/damaged
8000 deaths
2 mill homeless

35
Q

secondary impacts of TH?

A

bodies unburied = disease
disease
infected woods
agricultural destruction
loss of national income

geography (4 decks)

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