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hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

hydro-meteorological hazards

A

natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of like or injury, property damage,social and economic distribution or environmental degradation.
part of natural processes and cycles that are vital in maintaining ecosystems

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2
Q

weather

A

the atmospheric conditions over a short period of time

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3
Q

high pressure

A

areas are usually fair and settled weather

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4
Q

low pressure

A

places were atmosphere is relatively thin winds blow inward, causing air to rise, producing clouds and condensation

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5
Q

isobars

A

plane lines curving over the maps, connect points with the same mean sea level area and air pressure

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6
Q

climate

A

A distribution of the average weather at a location over a long period of time

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7
Q

types of climates

A

Equatorial, tropical temperate, grassland, subtropical desert

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8
Q

weather

A

humidity
precipitation
air pressure
temperature
wind
cloud cover

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9
Q

relief rainfall

A

relief or organic rain is formed when air is forced to cool when it rises over Relief features in the landscaper such as hills or mountains. As it rises it cools, condenses, and forms rain.

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10
Q

climate change

A

A change in the average conditions in a region, or over the planet over a long period of time

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11
Q

global warming

A

A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by the increase level of CO2

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12
Q

natural processes that cause climate change

A

solar variation
volcanoes
milankovitch theory

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13
Q

albedo

A

is the reflectiveness if a surface

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14
Q

bushfire

A

wild far is internationally recognised her for describing a fire burning out of control in grass scrub or forested areas

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15
Q

ground fire

A

underground fire in which Pete Cole or tree roots ignite

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16
Q

surface fire

A

Low to high intensity, fire burning to surface litter, grass and shrub layers

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17
Q

crown fire

A

very high intensity fire, spreading rapidly through crown or canopy of trees, especially when fueled by strong winds

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18
Q

grass fire

A

most common type in Australia spreads rapidly up to 25 km/h along flat areas covered in grassland destroys fences, livestock and buildings

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19
Q

forest fire

A

occurs in forests and Woodlands in mountains areas, steep terrine and dense forest.
it is rapid intense and extremely hazardous to homes, infrastructure and human life.

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20
Q

factors that increase bushfires

A

fuel load
fuel moisture
wind speed
ambient temperature
relative humidity
ignition source
slope angle

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21
Q

bushfire management

A

reducing fire risk and magnitude through fuel, reduction, extinguishing, fires, warning, systems, and survival plans

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22
Q

black saturday bushfires

A

located in central Victoria above Melbourne

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23
Q

factors increasing risk of black saturday bushfires

A

heat wave two months prior the temperature over 40°, meaning there was no humidity north-westerly
winds up to 100 km/h.
Hot and dry air from Central Australia
winds collapse powerlines, which was ignition of the fire. 

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24
Q

impacts of Black sat

A

173 people died
400 individuals injured
8th deadliest bushfire
$4.4 billion insurance
2100 homes destroyed

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25
Q

drought

A

severe shortage of water relative to the needs of people, plants and animals in the area

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26
Q

ballarat

A

Ballarat is located at highpoint which covers for reachements of for catchment basins

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27
Q

four different types of droughts

A

meteorological
Hydrological
Agricultural
Socio-economic

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28
Q

geospatial technology

A

MODIS
DEA
ESRI

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29
Q

positives of geospacial tech

A

Measure areas burnt by fires based on presents or lack of vegetation
determine the location of current fires based on the infrared energy that they release
Monitor the spread of fires
accuracy of, 1.5 km
all the information is layered to determine bushfire landscape impacts of bushfires

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30
Q

negatives of geospatial tech

A

fails to distinguish between different types of fires
fires more than 100 m² arent detected
cloud cover, heavy smoke and sick tree canopies obstruct the satellite view leading to errors in the fire detection

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31
Q

la niña

A

warm water is pushed west east coast of Australia
Cold water on the west coast of South America
Strong, trade winds, and Walker circulation

32
Q

impacts of la niña

A

more evaporation and precipitation
Increased flood risk and tropical cyclone formation

33
Q

neutral

A

trade winds, blow from east to west in the tropical Pacific region
Warm waters are pushed West
Walker circulation is formed

34
Q

effects of neutral

A

occurs more than half the time
Less extreme weather
Droughts and floods still possible

35
Q

el niño

A

warm water is pushed towards the west coast, south America
Walker circulation breaks down
Calder ocean temperatures on the east coast of Australia

36
Q

effects of el niño

A

Less evaporation and precipitation
drought risk in northern and eastern Australia
More heat waves and fewer tropical cyclones

37
Q

factors causing a bushfire

A

social- arson, education of community
historical - recent bushfires, seasonal weather
economical - lack of funding for CFA, town prep
environmental - forest = X cleared, burn offs
political - burn offs = controversial , lack of climate action of govt.
technological - GIS tech. = able to monitor / control bushfires

38
Q

flood

A

when water temporarily flows overland that is normally dry

39
Q

river floods

A

caused by rivers exceeding bankfull capacity

40
Q

coastal floods

A

caused by low lying areas being inundated by sea water

41
Q

effectors of floods

A

slope / angle
soil depth
vegetation cover
drainage
urbanisation

42
Q

inputs of hydrological cycle

A

snow melt
precipitation

43
Q

outputs of hydrological cycle

A

evaporation
evaoptranspitation

44
Q

stores of hydrological cycle

A

surface storage
soil storage
groundwater storage

45
Q

flows of hydrological cycle

A

stem flow
leaf drip
infilstration
precolocation
through flow
surface run off

46
Q

surface runnoff

A

fastest
flows over surface

47
Q

through flow

A

medium flow
flows through pore spaces in soil and rocks

48
Q

groundwater flow

A

slowest
flows through saturated soil and bedrock

49
Q

storm surge

A

change in sea level caused by storm. large waves can be generated by strong winds pushing high levels of water inland

50
Q

slow onset floods

A

last long time ( weeks / months )
natural / seasonal ( heavy rainfall )

51
Q

rapid onset flows

A

last 1/2 days
sudden, large amounts of rainfall which rivers X contain

52
Q

coastal floods

A

caused by strong winds
sea water inundates low lying coastal land in storm surges

53
Q

flash floods

A

affect isolated locations on small scale
caused by short, intense rainfall events due to severe thunderstorms

54
Q

tropical storms

A

maximum sustained windspeed is more than 63 km/hour
given name depending on ocean basin when maximum sustained windspeed is above 116 km / hour

55
Q

china summer of floods ( 2020 )

A

$12.3 lost
150 deaths
climate change increased severity of HMH
no. of heavy rainfall days increased 4 % every 10 years
human activity

56
Q

biological hazard

A

involved spread of microorganisms, plants, insects and animal pests

57
Q

infectious disease

A

something which can be caught from another; spread by a pathogen

58
Q

pathogen

A

an organism which causes disease (virus and bacteria)

59
Q

Communicable

A

can be spread between people

60
Q

Contagious

A

spreads directly between people

61
Q

non-contagious

A

spreads by a vector (mosquito or worm)

62
Q

Malaria Symptoms

A

feaver, chills, headache, nausea, muscle pain, fatigue, vomiting and death

63
Q

Malaria statistics

A

40% at risk of malaria
2018= 228 million cases and 405, 000 deaths

64
Q

Environmental factors which encourages malaria

A

hot/ wet climates
low lying wetlands
pools of still water

65
Q

human factors which encourages malaria

A

population movement

66
Q

impacts of malaria

A

poverty
economic burden
reduced economy activity
sick children cannot attend school
infants and pregnant women impacted

67
Q

patters of diseases are affected by :

A

climate
relief
water sources
vectors

68
Q

climate factors affecting malaria

A

rainfall= abundance of aquatic habitats
temperature= average temperature b/w 18 and 40 degrees
relative humidity= humidity over 60%

69
Q

malaria management techniques

A

insecticide treated nets
indoor residual spraying
anti-malarial drugs during pregnancy
drugs that prevent malaria
drugs that treat malaria

70
Q

malaria management on a national scale in indonesia

A

-first began in 1959 as part of global malaria eradication program (spraying DDT) which ceased in 1963
-roll back malaria (funded by WHO and UNICEFF)
-27million insecticide treated nets distributed

71
Q

malaria management on a local scale in Indonesia

A

SurfAid (NGO)
- established Malaria Clinics
- distributed 60,000 nets

72
Q

Boxing Day / Aceh tsunami stats

A

2004
9.1 magnitude
275,000 people killed
1000 European tourists
141 houses destroyed
US$9.9 billion losses

73
Q

Japan Tsunami

A

11/03/11
20,000 deaths
125,000 buildings destroyed
shifted earth by 0.2mm
waves up to 39 meters high
US$300 billion losses

74
Q

Black Summer

A

33 deaths
across all states and territories
3500 houses destroyed
19,000,000 hectares burnt

75
Q

Millenium Drought

A

loss of dairy industry (50 to 7)
cost of water = $3000 a week
fishing/ tourism/ farming all impacted
loss of lifestyle and livelyhoods
absence of birds and native species
inroduction of pest species

Geography (6 decks)

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