Hazards

Question 1

Los Angeles multi hazard area

Answer 1

earthquakes occur all the time due to fault lines, landslides because of typography and the buildings on mountains, flooding, shortage of water supply because its in the desert has to be piped in from far away

Question 2

nepal earthquake 2015

Answer 2

8.1 earthquake, 8786 dead, 22303 Beverly injured, loss of economy was $7 trillion, because of fear tourism stopped further suffocating economy

Question 3

indian ocean tsunami 2004

Answer 3

9.1 earthquake caused the seabed to rise 15m for over 1500km, destructive plate boundary, 228000 dead, high population density meant disease spread fast afterwards, $14billion in aid, warning systems put in place

Question 4

Philippines multi hazard zone

Answer 4

convergent plate boundary, 22 active volcanos, 30% of people live within 30% of a volcano, prone to tsunamis, typhoon belt, high levels of poverty make it vulnerable, 2013 within 3 months 223 dead from earthquake typhoon Haiyan killed 6201 and floods killed 64

Question 5

hazard

Answer 5

potential threat to human life or property, geophysical, atmospheric, hydrological

Question 6

hazard perception

Answer 6

people view them differently due to wealth, experience, education, religion and mobility

Question 7

human responses to hazards

Answer 7

fatalism, prediction, adaptation, mitigation, management, risk sharing

Question 8

aspects affecting human responses

Answer 8

incidence- frequency of a hazard, distribution- wher the hazard happens, intensity- how strong the hazard is, magnitude- size of hazard usually measured

Question 9

how does level of development affect responses

Answer 9

lower economically developed areas will have less effective management techniques in place whereas wealthier countries may be able to be more effective, the material in wealthier countries are also more expensive whereas in poorer countries there cheaper and easier to rebuild

Question 10

the park model

Answer 10

stage 1-level of life before event, stage 2-when event happens but life is still at normal level, stage 3-quality of life drops for hours or days depending on responses, stage 4-relief strategies are underway which makes quality of life improve, stage 5-long term responses making quality of life return to normal

Question 11

hazard management cycle

Answer 11

preparedness, response, recovery, mitigation

Question 12

structure of the earth

Answer 12

inner core-solid ball of iron and very hot, outer core-iron/nickel, mantle- solid rocks, asthenosphere-semi-molten layer always moving top and down due to convection currents, lithosphere-broken up into plates and the top layer is the crust, crust- oceanic crust is dense and destroyed by plate movement whereas continental crust is less dense and not destroyed

Question 13

conservative margin hazards

Answer 13

earthquake

Question 14

constructive margin landform

Answer 14

volcanoes, earthquakes, ocean ridges, rift valleys

Question 15

destructive margin landforms

Answer 15

fold mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, island arcs, ocean trenches

Question 16

destructive plate margins

Answer 16

heavier plate drops between the other one building up pressure which can lead to volcanoes being created and earthquakes

Question 17

constructive plate margins

Answer 17

plates move apart from each other allowing magma to come up and fill in the space or rift valleys

Question 18

conservative plate margin

Answer 18

when plates move in opposite parallel directions or at different speeds the pressure built up can lead to earthquakes occurring

Question 19

volcanic hotspots

Answer 19

areas of volcanic activity not due to plate boundaries, hot magma plumes from the mantle rise burning the crust causing volcanoes and islands such as Hawaii

Question 20

volcanic hazards

Answer 20

lava flows, mudflows, tephra- rocks ejected from volcanoes, toxic gasses, acid rain, nuees ardente/pyroclastic flows-clouds of burning hot ash and gas that collapse down volcanoes at speeds of 60mph but can reach 420mph

Question 21

primary effects of volcanoes

Answer 21

ecosystems damaged, businesses and industries destroyed or disrupted, people and homes destroyed, important government buildings destroyed

Question 22

secondary effects of volcanoes

Answer 22

jobs lost and lack of tourism, conflicts concerning how to respond to an incident, trauma and homelessness, acid rain polluting water sources, volcanic gasses contributing to the greenhouse effect

Question 23

prevention of volcanic hazards

Answer 23

volcanoes can be prevented just the risk to the people for example evacuating

Question 24

preparedness of volcanic hazards

Answer 24

monitoring seismic activities, education of volcanoes, procedures in place

Question 25

mitigation of volcanic hazards

Answer 25

concrete blocks to steer lava away, strengthening certain buildings at risk, evacuation and exclusion zones, emergency aid and rescue

Question 26

adaptation for volcanic hazards

Answer 26

move away, encourage tourism to capitalise on the opportunity, change profession so your job isn’t at risk by the volcano

Question 27

seismic hazards

Answer 27

plates don’t fit perfectly or move perfectly so friction can build up and when this happens convection currents still push which builds up pressure eventually giving way released in a sudden movement

Question 28

hazards caused by seismic events

Answer 28

shockwaves are smaller weaker vibrations further away from an earthquake, Tsunamis, liquefaction, landslides and avalanches

Question 29

tsunami

Answer 29

earthquake rocks the floor displacing water pushing it up, oscillations sent off which develop underwater at great speed, seawater is then sucked in and then the waves get bigger as they approach the shore

Question 30

liquefaction

Answer 30

soil becomes saturated as the vibrations make soil weaker and as water comes in it goes straight through the soil meaning it can’t hold the weight, this happened in Christchurch, New Zealand

Question 31

primary effects of seismic events

Answer 31

fault lines can be caused which destroy environments, liquefaction, businesses destroyed, buildings collapse, killing or trapping people, government buildings destroyed

Question 32

secondary effects of seismic events

Answer 32

dangerous materials leaked from power plants, soil salinisation, economic decline, high cost of rebuilding, essential supplies destroyed such as water, gas and electricity, political unrest, boring from other countries, lawlessness

Question 33

prevention of seismic events

Answer 33

can’t really be prevented but liquefaction can be stopped if soil is stabilised, controlled explosions to stop avalanches

Question 34

preparedness for seismic events

Answer 34

earthquake prone areas have extensive strategies in place and education, warning systems, evacuation plans

Question 35

mitigation of seismic hazards

Answer 35

search and rescue emergency teams ready, demolishing unsafe buildings, tsunamis wall

Question 36

adaptation to seismic events

Answer 36

more away, encourage tourism, insurance, change lifestyle choices, earthquake proof buildings

Question 37

Armenian 1989 earthquake

Answer 37

6.8 Mw, 20000 people died due to weak buildings

Question 38

Loma Prieta 1988 earthquake

Answer 38

Along san andreas fault, 63 people died due to wearthquake proof buildings

Question 39

Japan 2011 earthquake and tsunami

Answer 39

• 9.0
• 10m high waves
• waves were 28m high in a river valley because water was concentrated