Hazards Flashcards
What is a natural Hazard
- A threat to life
2. Naturally occurring
What are the three types of natural hazard?
Geophysical
Hydrological
Atmospheric
Name 5 Characteristics of Natural Hazards
Clear origins Little warning Involuntary exposure of LICS Most losses immediately after Emergency response
Define Risk
Likelihood of harm
Define vulnerability
how susceptible a population is to damage.
Define Multi-Hazard environment
Two or more natural hazards occuring
Describe the spatial distribution of tropical storms…
Hurricanes: North Atlantic and NE pacific
Cyclones: Southern Pacific/ Indian
Typhoons: NW pacific affect SE Asia
low level convergence of air
Why do people consciously put themselves at risk of natural hazards?
.Cost or benefit .Perception .Unpredictable .Lack of options .Level of risk
Define Adaption
Attempts to live with the lifestyle - changing their way
Define fatalism
People cannot influence hazards so nothing is done to mitigate - ‘God’s will’
Define mitigation
Attempts to lessen the severity of the Hazard
What are the three ways people may perceive natural hazards?
Fatalism
Fear
Adaption
What are the four stages of the disaster risk management cycle?
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Mitigation
Give two positives of the disaster risk management cycle
Shows effects of preparedness
Minimise future hazards
Give two negatives of the disaster risk management cycle
Ignores individuals
Slow onset to disasters
Describe the six parts of the risk disc model?
Disaster preparedness response recovery mitigation development adaptions to climate change
What are the five stages of the Park Model?
Pre-disaster Disruption Relief Rehabilitation Reconstruction
What does the park model show over time?
Quality of life
Give two positives and two negatives of the Park Model
\+ Can compare between effectiveness between different events Helps plan for different - No quantitative data No spatial variation
- Depth of curve means…
- Steepness of upward curve means…
- Steepness of downward curve means…
- intensity of impacts
- Effectiveness /speed of recovery
- type of hazard
The distribution of a hazard through time is called the…
Frequency
The assessment of the size and impacts of a hazard event is known as the …
Magnitude
The ability of individuals to withstand and recover from a disaster is known as …
Resilience
What is prediction in the context of hazards?
Using scientific research/past events to forecast when/where hazards will occur and provide warnings
Give an example of methods of prediction?
The tsunami warning system
Give three differences between oceanic and continental crust.
Ocean - Thinner, Younger and denser
Continental - Thicker, older and less dense
Describe the inner core of the earth…
Iron/Nickel
Solid
Over 6000C
Describe the outer core of the earth…
Iron/Nickel
Liquid
4000/5000C
Describe the mantle of the earth…
SIAL/SIMA
Semi-Molten
3000C
Describe the crust of the earth…
Silicon, Aluminum, Potassium, Sodium, Oxygen
Solid
What theory did Alfred Wegener suggest?
Continental Drift
What evidence did Wegener use in support - give two geological and two biological pieces evidence?
Geological - Continents fit together and glacial deposits in SA
Biological - Fossilized plants and animals from the same time period and fossilised Mesosaurus in South America and South Africa
Outline the process of Gravitational sliding at ocean ridges:
.Constructive plate boundaries magma rises
.Magma heats rocks so they expand
.As new crust cools and becomes denser, gravity causes it to move downslope
.This puts pressure on the tectonic plates causing them to move apart
How do plates move at each of the following plate boundaries:
Constructive:
Destructive:
Conservative:
- Away
- Towards
- Alongside
Outline the process of slab pull at ocean trenches:
.At destructive plate boundaries
.The oceanic plate subducts as it is more dense
.The cold dense plate is pulled downward by gravity
as it’s denser than the asthenosphere
.This pulls the rest of the plate behind it
Outline the formation of ocean ridges:
.Plates diverge in oceanic areas due to convection currents and gravitational sliding
.This creates fissures that allows rising magma to escape from the highly pressurised interior of the planet
.Magma fills the gap and eventually erupts onto the surface and cools as new land [1].
