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Excel IGCSE geography paper one revision > Hazardous Environments > Flashcards

Hazardous Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

What are tectonic hazards?

A

Natural disasters caused by the movement of tectonic plates.

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2
Q

Name two main types of tectonic hazards.

A

Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

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3
Q

True or False: Tectonic hazards can affect human life and infrastructure.

A

True.

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4
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A sudden shaking of the ground caused by the release of energy in the Earth’s crust.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the _______.

A

epicenter.

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6
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake?

A

The point within the Earth where the earthquake originates.

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7
Q

What scale is commonly used to measure earthquake magnitude?

A

The Richter scale.

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8
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of seismic wave? A) P-waves B) S-waves C) T-waves

A

C) T-waves.

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9
Q

What is the difference between a tectonic plate and a fault line?

A

A tectonic plate is a large slab of Earth’s lithosphere, while a fault line is a fracture along which movement has occurred.

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10
Q

True or False: Volcanic eruptions can only occur at tectonic plate boundaries.

A

False.

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11
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock located beneath the Earth’s surface.

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12
Q

What is lava?

A

Magma that has reached the Earth’s surface.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) measures the _______ of volcanic eruptions.

A

explosiveness.

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14
Q

What is a stratovolcano?

A

A type of volcano characterized by steep profiles and explosive eruptions.

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15
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a type of tectonic plate boundary? A) Divergent B) Convergent C) Transform D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above.

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16
Q

What happens at a divergent boundary?

A

Tectonic plates move apart, leading to the formation of new crust.

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17
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

A series of ocean waves caused by large-scale disturbances, often due to underwater earthquakes.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the layer of the Earth where tectonic plates float.

A

asthenosphere.

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19
Q

What is the main cause of volcanic eruptions?

A

The buildup of pressure from magma beneath the Earth’s surface.

20
Q

True or False: All earthquakes are caused by human activity.

A

False.

21
Q

What is a fault?

A

A fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock.

22
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of seismic wave travels fastest? A) P-waves B) S-waves C) Surface waves

A

A) P-waves.

23
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

The process by which saturated soil loses strength and stiffness during an earthquake.

24
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a measure of the energy released during an earthquake.

A

magnitude.

25
Q

What is a volcanic ash cloud?

A

A cloud of ash and gas emitted during a volcanic eruption.

26
Q

True or False: Earthquakes can only occur in certain regions of the world.

A

False.

27
Q

What is the Ring of Fire?

A

A major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

28
Q

What is a caldera?

A

A large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses.

29
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ are small earthquakes that occur in the same area as a larger earthquake.

A

Aftershocks.

30
Q

What is a seismic hazard?

A

The probability of an earthquake causing damage in a specific area.

31
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following can be a secondary effect of an earthquake? A) Landslides B) Tsunamis C) Fires D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above.

32
Q

What is the significance of the Mercalli Intensity Scale?

A

It measures the intensity of an earthquake based on its observed effects on people and structures.

33
Q

True or False: Volcanic eruptions can influence global climate.

A

True.

34
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that flows down the slopes of a volcano.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ of a volcano is the opening through which lava, ash, and gases escape.

A

vent.

36
Q

What are tectonic plates made of?

A

Rigid lithospheric material that includes the crust and the upper mantle.

37
Q

What is subduction?

A

The process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the mantle.

38
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of boundary is associated with earthquakes? A) Convergent B) Divergent C) Transform D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above.

39
Q

What is a volcanic eruption column?

A

A vertical plume of ash and gas ejected during an explosive volcanic eruption.

40
Q

True or False: Earthquake prediction is currently 100% accurate.

A

False.

41
Q

What role do tectonic hazards play in the Earth’s geology?

A

They shape the Earth’s surface and contribute to the rock cycle.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the layer of the Earth beneath the crust.

A

mantle.

43
Q

What is the primary driver of tectonic plate movement?

A

Heat from the Earth’s interior.

44
Q

What are volcanic gases?

A

Gases emitted during a volcanic eruption, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.

45
Q

True or False: Tectonic hazards can be mitigated through preparedness and building codes.

A

True.

Excel IGCSE geography paper one revision (3 decks)

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