hazardous chemicalsss Flashcards by Alra Kardinas

A chemical is considered hazardous if it can what

negatively affect the health of people or the environment.

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TRUE OR FALSE: Many chemicals used at home or on the job can be safety and/or health hazards if they are handled, use, and disposed properly.

FALSE, if they are not handled, use and disposed properly

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This chemical can cause cancer

Carcinogens

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chemical that can cause damage to a fetus

Teratogens

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can be lethal in high enough dosage/concentration

Toxins

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cause visible destruction of living tissue at the site of contact.

corrosives

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cause a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact

irritants

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can cause an allergic reaction after repeated exposure to the chemical.

sensitizers

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4 ROUTES Chemicals can enter body

Absorption
Inhalation
Ingestion
Injection

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possible effects: Burns, rashes, dermatitis, allergies, irritants, blindness

Absorption

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Damage to esophagus, stomach and liver

Ingestion/swallowing

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Damage to organs, blood, skin, eyes, etc.

injection

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Dizziness, nausea, headache, throat & lung damage

Inhalation

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Trivia:
COUNTAINER LABELING
Name of the chemical
Name of the company that manufactured or imported the chemical
Physical and health hazards
How you can protect yourself
Hazardous materials identification system
National fire protection association labeling system.

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TRIVIA: Read labels
o Read warnings & follow manufacturer’s instructions
o How to safely use this product
o How to store this product
o What personal protective equipment should be used

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9 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Toxic
Environmental hazard
Health hazard
flammable
oxidizing
harmful or irritant
compressed gas
environment hazard
explosive

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developed a system for indicating the health, flammability and reactivity hazards of chemical in a diamond shaped object called

NFPA hazard rating diamond.

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unique numeric identifier code assigned to a substance when it enters the CAS Registry database.

Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number

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– any organic or inorganic substances or a particular molecular identity, excluding radioactive materials, but including any element or uncombined chemical; and any combination of such substance occurring in whole or in part as a result of chemical reaction or occurring in nature.

Chemical Substance

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any bottle, box, drum, cylinder, bag, barrel, vessel, tank, among others, that contains hazardous chemical substances and mixtures.

container

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– a system fo standardizing and harmonizing the classification and labelling of chemicals. It is a logical and comprehensive approach

GHS

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the internet characteristics of chemical substances and mixtures that are existing in the workplace and in the environment, regardless of quantity that are potentially dangerous or which have the capacity to harm

hazards

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– an appropriate group of written, printed, or graphic information elements concerning a hazardous product, selected as relevant to the target sectors, that is affixed to printed on or attached to the immediate container of a hazardous product, or to the outside packaging of a hazardous product.

label

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a document prepared by the manufacturer that contains important physical characteristics, ecological, health, safety and toxicological information on chemical substances or mixtures, or ingredients used at the workplace, transported and utilized by consumer.

safety data sheet

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– substances or mixtures that are harmful to the environment and/or to human health on short or long term bases if inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin.

toxic chemicals

Are the #1 source of information to ensure safe us of hazardous chemicals.

safety data sheets

The substances which are used to remove friction between two or more moving surfaces is known as

Lubricant.

The word “Lubricant” derive from the Latin word lubricus which means

slippery

lubricants may be defined as a substance which is introduced between the moving part of machinery and make the surface slippery and reduce what

friction

Hence, lubricants may be defined as a substance which is introduced between the moving part of machinery and make the surface slippery and reduce friction, eliminates asperities and prevent cohesion. The phenomenon is known as

lubrication

TRIVIA: CHARACTERISTICS of GOOD Lubricating Oil: 1. High Boiling point 2. Adequate viscosity 3. Low freezing point 4. High resistance to oxidation 5. Non-corrosive properties 6. Good thermal stability

reduce friction and wear between two moving metallic surfaces by providing a continuous fluid film in between the surfaces.

lubricating oils

is a semi solid lubricant obtained by thickening lubricating oil through the addition of a metallic soap

grease

these are used where the operating temperature and load is too high.

solid lubricants

In boundary lubrication we use this lubrication. They are used either in dry powder form or mixed with oil or water.

Solid Lubricants

Grease is a semi solid lubricant obtained by thickening lubricating oil through the addition of a

Metallic Soap

TRIVIA: Lubricants are solid in state and these are used where the operating temperature and load is too high.

TRIVIA: Combustible lubricants must be avoided. Graphite and Molybdeum disulphide are the widely used solid lubricants.

These are extracted from the crude fat by a process called “rendering”

Animal fats and oils.

by a process called “what?” in which the enclosing tissue is broken by treatment with steam or with the combined action of steam and water

rendering

these are obtained by crushing the seed.

Vegetables oils

They are lower molecular weight hydrocarbons with 12 to 50 carbon atoms. They are obtained during distillation of petroleum

mineral oils

They are cheap, available in abundance and are stable under service conditions. Therefore, they are widely used. They have less oiliness.

mineral oils

TRIVIA: the substance like oleic acid, stearic acid is adding to increase the oiliness of mineral oils

this purification process involves mixing the oil with proper volume of a suitable solvent and refrigerating the mixture to the required temperature when the wax in the oil precipitates out. The oil and wax are separated using continuous filters or centrifuge. The oil is separated from the solvent by distillation.

dewaxing

in dewaxing The oil and wax are separated using continuous filters or .

centrifuge

TRIVIA: the oil is separated from the solvent by what process.

distillation

This is done thoroughly agitating oil with the required amount of concentrated sulfuric acid, which acts as a solvent for some of the constituents and react chemically with others to form a tarry sludge.

acid refining of lubricant

in acid refining of lubricant purification, the tarry sludge can be used as a fuel. true of false

true

in this process, a suitable solvent is selected in which the solubility of the undesirable impurities is more than that in the oil.

Solvent Refining of the Lubricating Oils

In boundary lubrication we use what lubrication

Solid lubrication

They are used either in dry powder form or mixed with oil or water.

Solid lubrication

The usual coefficient of friction of this lubricant is in between 0.005 to 0.01.

Solid Lubricant

TRIVIA: Many solid lubricants contain grains of particles which may damage delicate parts of the machinery. Hence, they are used only in special cases.

The commonly used solid lubricants include graphite, molybdenum disulfide, talc, mica, French chalk, boron nitride, etc. Amongst these, the most widely used solid lubricants are

Graphite and Molybdenum Disulfide

A lubricant obtained by combining lubricating with thickening agents are known as

semisolid or grease

TRUE/FALSE: Greases show higher coefficient of friction than oils because of the greater amount of work that must be done in shearing the lubricating film.

TRUE

T/F: it is better to use an oil instead of grease

true

T/F: Greases on storage tend to separate into oil and soap.

TRUE

T/F Greases require as much attention as oils and are thus more convenient in use.

False,not as much

3 TYPES OF GREASES

lime or calcium soap base greases sodium-soap greases rosin soap greases

They have good high temperature properties as they can hold water more firmly due to their high melting point

Sodium-soap greases

They are the cheapest and widely used greases

lime or calcium soap base greases

also known as cup-greases

lime or calcium soap base greases

Its resulting grease is known as “cold set grease”.

Rosin soap greases

can be used up to 175℃. (type of grease)

Sodium-soap greases

cannot be used above 65 ℃.

lime or calcium soap base greases

These grease is prepared from rosin oil which contains several saponifiabl acids such as abietic acid

Rosin soap greases

as the sodium soaps are soluble in water, these greases are not suitable for bearings exposed to wet conditions.

Sodium-soap greases

It is mainly used as axle grease for farm wagons and low-speed machinery.

rosin soap greases

This is the cheapest of the greases.

rosin soap greases

The rosin oil is dissolved in the lubricating oil and allowed to react at 58℃ with a slurry of slaked lime, emulsified oil and water called “sett”.

rosin soap greases

are usually prepared from non-soap thickeners such as carbon clack, silica gel, modified clays, organic dyes,

non soap greases

are oily liquids which are not found naturally or not produced directly during the normal manufacturing and refining processes of the petroleum industry.

Synthetic lubricants

In order to meet the lubricating requirements under such peculiar operating conditions, various fluids have been prepared from various organic and inorganic substances, which are called “

synthetic lubricants

In order to prevent overheating in such cases and the consequent injury to the tool, efficient cooling and lubrication have to be provided. This is usually done by employing emulsions of oil droplets in water, which are called

cutting oils or cutting fluids or cutting emulsions.

T/F Oil has a good specific heat, but it has good lubricating properties.

F, poor specific heat

T/F: water is a poor lubricant but is an excellent cooling medium because of its high specific heat and high heat of vaporization.

True

the combination of the two (what is this two) in the form of an emulsion can provide both lubrication and cooling effects.

oil and water

TRIVIA: the use of water is generally limited to simple operations such as grinding and rough turning.

TRIVIA: A good cutting oil increases the accuracy of the cuts and reduces the cost of the work

Two types of emulsions are used for lubricating jobs:

1. Oil-in-water type emulsions or cutting emulsions 2. Water-in-oil type emulsion or cooling liquids

are prepared by mixing together an oil containing about 3 to 20% of a water soluble emulsifying agent

Oil-in-water

are prepared by mixing together water and oil containing 1 and 10% of water insoluble emulsifiers

Water-in-oil

2 METHODS OF LUBRICATION

Thick Film / Fluid Film / Hydrodynamic Lubrication Boundary Lubrication / Thin Film Lubrication

Often occurs during the startup and shutdown of equipment, or when loading becomes excessive.

Boundary Lubrication / Thin Film Lubrication

Used in automobiles and heavy machinery

Boundary Lubrication / Thin Film Lubrication

A continuous fluid film exists between the sliding surfaces employed when the sliding velocity is moderate and load is low.

Thick Film / Fluid Film / Hydrodynamic Lubrication

Used for machineries operated continuously.

Thick Film / Fluid Film / Hydrodynamic Lubrication

often occurs in components such as cylinders, gears, and plain bearings.

Thick Film / Fluid Film / Hydrodynamic Lubrication

defined as Resistance to flow

Viscosity

is value representing the degree for which the oil viscosity changes with temperature.

Viscosity Index

TRIVIA: If change in viscosity (i.e. decrease in viscosity with increase in temperature) is small, the oil is said to have a high viscosity index.

is defined as the ability of the oil to stick firmly to a solid surface

Oiliness

T/F: Oiliness should be low for a good lubricant

False, should be high

TRIVIA: Oiliness can be improved using additives – long chain fatty acids and soaps are generally used as tackiness improvers

TRIVIA: Tackiness additives help prevent lubricant dripping and splashing during operation, which can reduce costs and environmental risks.

is the property of water to get mixed with water easily

Emulsification

it can be oil in water emulsion or water in oil emulsion

emulsion

A good lubricating oil should form an emulsion with water which breaks easily. This property is called

Demulsification

The time in seconds in which a given volume of oil and water separates out in distinct layers is called

steam demulsification number.

T/F A good lubricating oil should have higher demulsification number.

False, lower demulsification number

TRIVIA: the quicker the oil separates out from the emulsion formed, the better is the lubricating oil.

TRIVIA: In cutting oils, the higher the emulsification number, the better the oil is. This is because the emulsion acts as a coolant as well as a lubricant.

is an indication of the heat resistance of the grease and is the temperature at which it passes from a semi-solid to a liquid state under specific conditions

DROP POINT

is the lowest temperature at which the lubricant oil gives off enough vapors to ignite (spark) but not burn when small flame is brought near it.

Flash point

can be used to identify whether the correct grease was supplied or is in use and to determine whether used grease cans still used for the intended purpose.

the dropping point

is the lowest temperature at which the vapors of lubricant oil burn continuously at least for 5 seconds when a small flame is brought near it.

Fire point

used to determine the volatility and fire resistance of lubricant

Flash and fire points

it is important in determining shipping, storage, and safety regularity of oil

Flash point

T/F: A good lubricant should have higher flash point than the temperature it is used

TRUE

When lubricant is slowly cooled, the temperature at which it become cloudy or hazy in appearance is called

cloud point.

When the lubricant is slowly cooled, the temperature at which the oil ceases to flow or pour is called

pour point.

these indicate the suitability of lubricant in cold conditions.

Cloud and pour point

T/F Lubricant used in machine working at lower temperature should possess high pour point to avoid solidification of oil.

False, Low pour point

: Desirable characteristics of lubricating oil can be improved by adding small quantities of various additive. The oil thus obtained are known as

blended or compound oils.

Two types of additives:

chemically active additive Chemically Inert Additive

They improve the physical properties which are critical to the effective performance of the lubricant.

Chemically Inert Additive

They are chemically interacting with metals e.g. detergents, antiwear agent, dispersant oxidation inhibitors etc.

Chemically active additive