Hazard Materials Flashcards
circular container w/flat end
indicates contents are at atmospheric pressure to low pressure
spherical containers / cylindrical containers
spherical (ball-shaped) highly efficient pressurized storage for gases in liquid form.
cylindrical container w/rounded ends indicator of pressurized content
non pressurized tank features
- flat sides or ends
pressurized tank features
rounded or spherical ends bolted access points
pressure relief gauge
pressure gauge
what is bulk packaging
greater than…..liquid 119 gal
solid 882 lbs
gas -water capacity 1000lbs
7 mechanisms of harm
TRACEM-P
thermal- radiological -asphyxiating (simple,chemical), CHEMICAL- ETIOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL-MECHANICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL
Weapons of mass destruction definition
(WMD)
Poses in unreasonable risk to people the environment and property
They have the potential to cause mass casualties and damage CBRNE Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear Explosive
NFPA 1072
Meets Osha’s requirements For awareness operations in technician For hazardous materials
3 training levels for hazardous materials
AWARENESS- Awareness level personnel Perform limited defensive actions so just calling for help evacuating the hazard area and securing the scene
OPERATIONS- Perform defensive actions both with some exceptions they are not expected to come in direct contact with the hazardous materials
OPERATION MISSION SPECIFIC-perform additional defensive tasks and limited offensive actions
E.g using special equipment , performing task where they might come in contact with hazardous material
Nfpa RESPONSE PERSONNEL
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TECHNICIANS- performs offensive tasks, controlling release , supervise activities of operation level responder
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENTS W/SPECIALTY- additional expertise e.g. radiation ,monitoring, detection devices
SPECIALIST- expertise in chemicals, processes ,containers and special ops, in advisory capacity
NFPA 472 APIE PROCESS
STEP 1 .ANALYZE THE INCIDENT
STEP 2. PLAN THE INITIAL RESPONSE
STEP 3. IMPLEMENT THE RESPONSE
STEP 4. EVALUATE THE PROGRESS
Operational level responders
Defensive mode Identified hazard identify response options implement the plan response to mitigate or control release Evaluate the progress
Offensive task allowed by osha
Can be be performed by 1st responder operational level personnel Gasoline Diesel Natural gas Liquefied petroleum gas
Operations missions specific level
Perform tasks such a specialized personal protective equipment or performing technical decontamination
Routes of entry
Inhalation- Breathing has it is materials in through your nose or mouth
Inhalation is the most common exposure route
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
3 mechanisms of harm a
Energy release
Corrosive
Toxicity
TRACEM
THERMAL HAZARD - temperature extreme
RADIOLOGICAL HAZARD-
ASPHYXIATION HAZARD
CHEMICAL HAZARD
ETIOLOGICAL/ BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS- viruses
MECHANICAL HAZARDS- contact striking or friction
Energy release
Presents the greatest Threat
6 types of energy release
Heat, mechanical energy, pressure, electricity, chemical, radiation
Corrosives
Chemicals that destroy or burn living tissue and have destructive effect by virtue of their Corrosive ity Corrosives comprise the largest usage class by volume in the industry
Toxicity
Chemicals or biological substances that cause sickness illness or injury by doing damage on a molecular scale when in contact with the body or considered toxic.
US regulations
Department of Transportation DOT- They regulate air highway pipeline real in water
Environmental Protection Agency EPA- Research in in setting standards for environmental programs
Department of Labor dol- Osha is a part of this regulate safety includes Hazardous materials
Department of Energy DOE- Manages the national nuclear or research in defense programs include storage of high level nuclear waste.
Homeland security- Prevent terrorist attacks cama reduce American vulnerability to terrorism, minimize the damage from potential attacks in natural disasters
Department of Justice DOJ- Assigns Primary responsibility for operational response to threats or acts of terrorism within the US and its territories
The FBI then operates as the on C manager for the federal government
Hazmat Statistics
Records have shown the most has met incidents involve the following products
Flammable combustible liquids such Petroleum products paint products
Corrosives such as sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
Anhydrous ammonia
Chlorine
Most incidents occur what has it is and tears are being transported via highway
7 clues to the presence of hazardous materials
Occupancy types locations in pre incident survey
Container Shapes
Transportation placards labels and markings
Other markings and colors non transportation
Written resources
Senses
Monitoring and detection devices
Bulk packaging
Maximum capacity is greater than 119 gallons as a receptacle for a liquid
Maximum net mass is greater than 882 pounds or maximum capacity is greater than a 119 gallons as a solid
Water capacity is a 1001 pounds or greater as a gas
Clues to pressure containers
Rounded spherical ends Bolted protective housings Bolted man ways Pressure relief devices Pressure gauges
Clues of a cryogenic container
Contents such as Liquid Liquid oxygen oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, argon and liquefied natural gas
Box like loading and unloading stations
Radioactive materials containers
Excepted- Is only use to transport materials with extremely low levels of radio activity that present no risk to the public or environment
INDUSTRIAL - Container that retains and protects the contents door normal transportation activities such as laboratory samples and smoke detectors
TYPE A- Packages that demonstrate their ability to withstand a series of test without releasing their contents
TYPE B- Must demonstrate your ability to withstand tests simulated normal shipping conditions and they must also withstand severe accident conditions without releasing their contents
TYPE C- Very where packages use for high activity materials including plutonium transported by aircraft
Vessel cargo carriers
Marine vessels transport over 90% of the world’s cargo
Unit loading devices ULD
Our containers in aircraft pallets used to consolidate your cargo into a single transportable unit
No military aircraft or transport vehicles me transport internal air lift in helicopter singable units that transport everything including as it is materials
9 hazard class
Class one explosives Class 2 gasses Class 3 flammable liquids Class 4 flammable solids Class 5 oxidizing substances in organic peroxides Class 6 toxic in infectious substances Class 7 radioactive materials Class 8 corrosive substances Class 9 miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles
4 digit identification numbers
The 4 digit identification number must be displayed on bulk containers in 1 of 3 ways Displayed on rail tank cars, cargo taint trucks, portable tanks, bulk packages, table one materials regardless of quantity, certain non bulk packages for example poisonous gasses in specified amounts
The ERG response guide book
Provides a key to the 4 digit identification numbers and the yellow bordered section
ERG does not list any numbers below 1000
Placards
Diamond shape color coded signs on transportation containers to a dentify their contents
May be found on both packages, real tank cars, cargo tank vehicles, portable tanks, unit loading devices containing hazardous materials over 640 ft³ incapacity certain certain non bulk containers
Placard facts
Not required for shipments of infectious substances other regulated materials for domestic transport only ORM d’s Materials of trade limit quantity’s small quantity packages radioactive materials or combustible liquids and non bulk packaging
Some private agriculture in military vehicles me not have placards The hazard class or division number chorusman into the primary hazard class of material must be displayed in the lower corner of the placard The dangerous plaque card is for mix loads where the transport vehicle contains non bulk packages with 2 or more categories of has it is materials that require different placards
Placard facts
Other than class 7 or the dangerous placard text indicating a hazard for exam bowl flammable is not required text may be omitted from the oxygen placard only if the specific ID number is displayed
Containers may have placards even though they appear empty until they are certified as clean
Labels
Labels are 3.9” square on Point diamonds which may or may not have written text that a dentify as the has it is materials with in the packaging
Class 7 radioactive labels must always contain text
Packages with more than one label have more than 1 hazard or product these packages contain a primary label in a subsidiary label
The toxic label is the primary label while the flammable liquid label is the subsidiary
Labels
The cargo aircraft only label is not associated with a particular hazard class this label is used to indicate materials that can not be transported on Passenger aircraft
Markings
Is a descriptive name in identificashun number a weight or a specification includes instructions cautions or UN marks or combination thereof required on the outer packaging of hazardous materials
Markings( Hot)
Is a marking for elevated temperature materials such as molten salt for and molten aluminum can present a thermal hazard in the form of heat
Molten aluminum is generally shipped at temperatures above 1300ﾟ
Properties of elevated temperature materials
Liquid phase at temperature at or above 212ﾟF
Liquid phase with a flashpoint at or above a 100ﾟF
Solid fees at a temperature at or above 464ﾟF
N FPA 704 system (diamond shaped sign)
Recognize method of indicating the presence of hazardous materials at a commercial manufacturing institutional or fix storage facilit
FLAMMABILITY
INSTABILITY
HEALTH
WATER REACTIVE
0 indicates minimal hazard 4 indicates severe hazard
NFPA marking system
Special hazards
Special hazards are located in the 6 o’clock position I have no specified background color however white is most commonly used
2 special hazards are authorized in this position W indicated a usual reactivity with water and OX indicate the material is in oxidizer
Globally harmonized system
Is to promote common ,consistent criteria for classifying chemicals according to their health ,physical and environmental hazards and encourage the use of compatible hazard labels
Osha’s hazard communication standard HCS
Requires employers to identify hazards in the workplace in train employees how to recognize those hazers it requires employer to ensure that all hazardous material containers are labeled tagged mark with their dinner the of the substance contained in them along with appropriate hazard warnings
pre incident surveys should assist responders in identifying and understanding these systems
CAS NUMBERS
Chemical abstract service registry numbers For chemicals
Most chemical databases are searchable by CAS numbers and they are typically included on safety data sheets
Military markings
These markings are used on fix facilities in they may be seen on military vehicles although they are not required
Pesticide labels
The EPA regulates the manufacture and labeling of pesticides in according with GHS pesticide labels in the US and Canada now include the following EPA number Hazard statement Pictographs Precautionary statements Product identifiers Signal word-or warning word Supplier identification
Other symbols and signs
The EPA requires a one warning label on any containers Transformers or capacitors that contain a polychlorinate biphenyl PCB which is considered hazardous because it may cause cancer
Color codes
Red- means danger or stop
Orange- means warning use. energized equipment
Yellow- means caution
Green -marks safety equipment
Blue -marks safety information signage such as labels or markings indicating the type of required PPE
Shipping papers
I = Identification number S = proper shipping name H= hazard class or division P= PACKING GROUP
Shipping papers where are the found?
In trucks in airplanes these papers are placed near the driver or pilot
On ships in barges the papers are placed on the bridge or in the pilot house of a controlling tugboat
Standard transportation commodity code numbers
Every railroad car is marked with the identifying mark that works as he serial number to a dentify the car independently of each other this number on a real car is known as the reporting mark
Identification indicates the car it so the owner and whether or not it is own by a railroad
7 digit number
if it starts with 48 it is a hazardous waste
If it starts with 49 it’s a hazardous material
Safety data sheets
Are the best sources of detail information about it be ticular material to which emergency responders have access Sections consist of Section one indentification Section 2 hazard Identification Section 3 composition information on ingredients Section 4 1st aid measures section 5 fire fighting measures Section 6 accidental release measures Section 7 handling and storage Section 8 exposure controls personal protection Section 9 physical and chemical properties Section 10 stability and reactivity Section 11 toxicological information Section 12 ecological information Section 13 disposal considerations Section 14 transport information Section 15 regulatory information Section 16 other information
ERG book
It is primarily designed for used at incidents occurring on a highway or railroad near me there may be limited value in its application at fix facility locations
OLFACTORY FATIGUE
Hydrogen sulfide in certain other chemicals may cause this you in other words you may cease to smell it even though it still present
Indications of physical action
Wavy vapors over a volatile liquid
Frost or ice buildup near a Leak
Containers deformed by the force of an accident
Activated pressure relief devices
Pinging or popping of heat or cold exposed vessels you
Evidence of chemical reactions
Heat
Unusual or unexpected temperature drop coal
Extraordinary fire conditions
Peeling or discolouration of a containers finish
Splattery or boiling of unheated materials
Distinctively colored vapor clouds
Smoking or self igniting materials
Unexpected deterioration of equipment
Peculiar smells
Unexplained changes in ordinary materials
Symptoms of chemical exposure
Evidence of chemical exposure to the body
Changes in respiration Changes in level of consciousness Abdominal Distress Change in activity level Visual disturbances Skin changes Changes in excretion or thirst Pain
ERG book
4 digit U in number located in the yellow bordered pages
Reference the name of the material involved in the blue bordered pages
materials transportation placard and then reference the 3 digit guide cold associated with the plaque card and the table look blackguards in an initial response guy to use on scene located in the front of the ERG
Reference container profiles in the White Pages in the front of the book
ERG BOOK id number index,( yellow bordered pages ) gives 4 digit un id number
The yellow bordered section in your G enables 1st responders to identify the guide number to consult for the substance and Involved
Green highlighting are toxic inhalation hazards
A (P) following the guide number indicates that a material polymerization which is a violent reaction that releases great amounts of heat and energy
ERG name index blue bordered pages
List dangerous goods in Alphabetical order by material name
ERG initial action guides Orange ordered pages
The books Orange bordered section is the most useful because it provides safety recommendations in general hazards information
ERG potential hazard section
The potential hazards section a dresses to hazard types under separate headers:
Health hazards
Fire or explosion hazards
the highest potential hazard is listed 1st
ERG tables of initial isolation and protection action distances.
GREEN -BORDERED PAGES
Single most critical factor is the concentration of the contaminate in the air
Table one initial isolation and protective action distances
Table 2 water reactive materials which produced toxic gasses
Table 3 initial isolation and protection action distances for different quantities of 6 common TIH gasses
I solution distance all person should be considered for evacuation in all directions by at least a 100’
ERG effectiveness time
If the hazard this material are on fire or have been leaking for longer than 30 minutes this ERG Table does not apply
Some water reactive materials are also TIH materials themselves
Bromine trifluoride
Thionyl chloride
Spills are considered
Below 55 gal small
More than 55 gal large or multiple small packages
Examples of toxic in halation hazard materials most commonly encountered
Ammonia chlorine Ethylene oxide Hydrogen fluoride Sulfur dioxide
ERG establishes a separate initial isolation distance based on a product state of matter
Solids 75’
Liquids a 150’
Gas is 330’
Gases
Research has shown that 1 in 2 t quantities of chlorine in an hydrous ammonia Released in an open area both initially spread in 360ﾟ radius before being dispersed down when in some situations
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid more simply it is pressure her deuced or exerted by the vapors released by a liquid vapor pressure can be viewed as the measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate
Materials with a vapor pressure over 760 MMHG will be gasses under normal conditions
Higher the temperature of a substance that higher its vapor pressure will be
Vapor pressure
The lower the boiling point the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas of a material the higher its vapor pressure will be
If a material has a low boiling point it requires less heat to change from liquid into a gas
9 hazard class
- *EXPLOSIVES
- GASES
- FLAMMABLE LIQUID
- FLAMMABLE SOLID
- OXIDIZING SUBSTANCE
- TOXIC/INFECTIOUS
- RADIOACTIVE
- CORROSIVE
- MISC DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES
horse shoe container shape/flat ends trailer
indicates low pressure normally carries liquids
Boiling point
Is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas and a given pressure boiling point is a Usually expressed in degrees at sea level air pressure
BLEVE
Most commonly occur when flames contact the tank show above the liquid level or when insufficient water is applied to keep a tank shell cool
Melting point
Is the temperature at which is solid substance changes to a liquid state at normal atmosphere pressure
The freezing point
Is the temperature at which liquid becomes a solid at normal atmosphere pressure
Sublimate
Change directly from a solid into a gas without going into a liquid state
Dry ice, mouth balls sublimated rather than melt
Gasses that are lighter-than-air
Set a lean, ammonia, carbon monoxide, Diborane, Ethylene, helium, hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride, illuminating’s gasses, methane, neon, nitrogen
Examples of gasses heavier-than-air
Propane, hydrogen sulfide, Ethane, butane, chlorine sulfur dioxide
SOLUBILITY
Test question
In water expresses the Percentage of material by weight that will dissolve in water at ambient temperature
Water solubility is also an important contributor for symptoms development irritant agents that are water soluble usually cause early upper respiratory tract irritation resulting in coffing in throat irritation
Partially water soluble chemicals will penetrate into the lower respiratory system and caused delayed symptoms that include breathing difficulties Pulmonary edema,, coughing
up blood
MISCIBILITY
Describes the ability of 2 or more gasses or liquids to mix with or dissolve into each other
Flash point
Is the minimum temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors at its lower explosive limit to form in ignite obal mixture with air near its surface
Fire point
Is the temperature at which a liquid or volatile substance gives off enough vapor to support continuous burning
Auto Ignition temperature
Substance is the minimum temperature to which the fuel and air must be heated to initiate self sustain combustion without initiation from in an independent Ignition source
Auto Ignition temperatures
Temps are considerably higher than enough Flash and fire points.
For example the auto Ignition temperature of gasoline is about 536ﾟF but the flashpoint of gasoline is -45ﾟF
Corrosivity
Corrosives are 2 categories acids and bases
Test question
However some karosses such as hydrogen peroxide are neither acids nor bases
Corrosives
Acid- Any chemical ionizes dissociates to yield hydrogen ions in water
Acids have PH values of 0 to 6.9 contact with it will cause immediate pain in chemical Flesh Burns
base- Water soluble compound that chemically dissociates in water to form a negatively charged hydrogen ion. Forms salt
Ph values of 7.1-14
Breaks down fatty skin tissue and can’t penetrate deeply into the body
Common sign of exposure greasy slick feeling of the skin
Examples caustic soda, potassium hydroxide a, alkaline materials used in drain cleaners
Reactivity
Describes is relative ability to undergo a chemical reaction with itself or other materials
Reactive materials commonly react vigorously or violently with air, water, heat, light, each other or other materials
Reactivity facts
Wood is not as prone to undergo rapid accidentia it will not burn as easily as he highly flammable liquid such as MEK
Radio activity
The least energetic form of radiation is non ionizing radiation which is visible white in radio
The most energetic in hazardous form of radiation is ionizing radiation
Types of ionizing radiation
Alpha- Energetic positively charge alpha particles emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter
Particles are usually completely blocked by outer dead Human skin or a sheet of paper
Beta fast moving positively charged protons or negatively charge electron’s emitted from the atom’s nucleus dorne radioactive decay
Travels further than alpha particles can be reduced or stopped by a layer of clothing metal or plexiglas
Beta parkle’s are capable of penetrating the skin and causing radiation damage
Types of ionizing radiation
Gamma high energy photons Weightless pot packets of energy like visible light and x-rays they have neither a mass nor charge but are penetrated
Example potassium 40
Can completely pass through the human body or be absorbed by tissue
Materials such as concrete Earth and led may be useful as a shield against radiation
Neutron particles that have a physical mass but have no electrical charge neutrons are highly penetrating
Shielding from neutron radiation requires materials with high amounts of hydrogen such as oil water in concrete
Protection from radiation
Time -decreased amount of time spent in areas where there is radiation
Distance - Know your dose rate to know the safe distance from the radioactive material increased a distance from a radiation source
Doubling the distance from a point source devised the dose by a factor of 4 this calculation is sometimes referred to as the inverse square law
Shielding create a barrier exposure from I follow is reduced by 50% inside a one story building in 90% at a level below ground
Toxicity
The degree to which a substance causes harm within the body
TOXIC CHEMICAL HAZARD CLASSES
ASPHYXIANTS - 2 types simple in chemical
Simple or gasses that DISPLACES oxygen
CHEMICAL - Are materials that prohibit the body cells from using oxygen may be used in terrorist attacks
IRRITANTS - cause temporary severe inflammation to the eyes skin or respiratory system
Convulsions Involuntary muscle contractions
Carcinogens are known to cause cancer Can contract 10 to 40 years after exposure
Allergens in sensitizer
Toxic products of combustion
Carbon monoxide is a chemical is a asphyxient and that is a by-product of the incomplete combustion of organic carbon containing materials
Hydrogen cyanide produce in the combustion of materials can’t tain in nitrogen is also encountered in smoke at lower concentrations than CO also acts as a chemical asphyxiant
Carbon Dioxide is a product of complete combustion of organic materials it acts like a simple asphyxiant and by displacing oxygen also increases respiratory rate
Biological Hazards
Viruses- are the simplest types of micro organisms that can only replicate themselves and the living cells of their Host
Bacteria are microscopic single cell organisms May cause disease in people either by invade in the tissues or by producing toxins
Class one explosives
The primary hazard of explosives are thermal And
mechanical
Blastpressure -wave rapidly release gasses in creative shock wave that travels outward from the center the blast pressure wave is the primary reason for injuries in damage it has a positive and negative phase both of which can cause damage
Shrapnel and fragmentation
Seismic effect
Incendiary thermal effect
Class 2 gasses
Heat hazards Asphyxiantion hazards Cold hazards Mechanical hazards for example BLE VE Chemical hazards
Class 3 flammable liquids and combustible liquids
Present in gasoline and diesel fuel spill accidents
The primary hazards of flammable and combustible liquids are energy, corrosivity and toxicity
Class 4 flammable solids
Class 4 materials are often solids medals that react violently in unexpected ways
Therefore may be hard to extinguish
Primary hazards of class for materials are chemical energy, mechanical energy, corrosivity , toxicity
Classified oxidizers and organic peroxide
Oxidizer is vigorously support combustion oxygen is sample of in oxidizer
Organic peroxides are both a fuel and a oxidizer
If organic peroxides reach the self accelerating decomposition temperature they undergo a chemical change and my violently released from their packaging
Class 6 poisons
The poison is it in inhalation hazard and infectious substance
Class 7 radioactive materials
* items placarded as radioactive ll,lll have a max TI RATING OF 50 MREM/HR AT 1 METER
Radioactive materials cannot be detected with senses
Small packages of radioactive material must be labeled on 2 opposite sides with a distinctive warning label each of the 3 label categories radioactive white radioactive yellow radioactive yellow
Should List Isotope name radiation activity
Class 8 corrosives
Either liquid or solid king cause full thickness d*** struction of human skin at the sight of contact within a specific period of time Primary has it of class 8 materials are chemical, toxic, thermo in mechanical
Class 9 miscellaneous Hazardous materials
Well primarily have thermal in chemical hazards
ORM d’s
Commodities that present a limited hazard door and transportation due to their form quantity in packaging
No placards are required for all orM d’s but they are otherwise subject to the requirements of the hazmat materials regulations
MOT
Is it has it is material other than a hazardous waste
Mo t’s do not require placards shipping papers emergency response information formal record keeping or formal training
ORM d’s such as hairspray may qualify is MOT
However self reactive materials, poison inhalation hazards, has it is waste never qualify as Mo t’s
Top ography
Makes a significant difference in the considerations needed to determine their appropriate isolation distance that ERG green bordered pages define isolation distances
General hazardous materials behavior model
Stress -the container undergoes physical thermal or other types of damage that reduces its ability to function in Leads to breach or failure
Breach the container becomes open to the environment maybe partial as in a puncture or total as in disintegration
Release -when a container breeches or fails content stored energy and pieces of the container may be expelled into the environment release it always involves the hazardous material
Dispersion- in golf this occurs as the hazardous material inside the container in any stored energy released and move away from the container
Container stress
Is caused by thermal energy, chemical energy, mechanical energy
Heat or coal could cause intolerable expansion in contraction weakening loss of temper or consumption of the container in its parts
thermal signs:
Making noise of expansion or contraction
Increased temperature
Undergone the operation of a relief device
Container stress
Chemical energy and control reactions interactions of the container and its contents Signs:
Corrosion excess heat or pressure.
Test question
Visible corrosion or degradation of container surfaces including bulging, cracking, popping noises
Container stress
* Nearly 41% of all report has met incidents were a tribute to container failure
Mechanical energy physical application of energy could result in container attachment damage:
Change of shape crushing
Reduce the thickness of the container surface a braiding or scoring
Crack or produce gouges
Common causes of mechanical stress include collision, impact, internal overpressure
Types of breaches
When a container is stress beyond its limits of recovery it opens or breaches in releases its content
Disintegration occurs in containers that are made of brittle material the container suffers a general loss of integrity examples of disintegration include a glass bottle shattering or exploding grenade
Run away cracking breaks the container into 2 or more relatively large pieces fragmentation or large tears. Usually occurs in closed containers or drums tank cars are cylinders commonly associate it with BLE VE
Split or tear container may also breach through a split such as a welded seen on a tank or when a drum fails mechanico or thermal stressors may call split for tears
Types of releases
Definition when I container fails is contents energy in the container itself whole or in pieces may release
Detonation is instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material Measured in hundreds or thousands of a second
Violent rupture is a media release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks occurs in One seconds or less
Rapid relief fast relief of a pressurize has it is material through properly operating safety devices Lasting several seconds to several minutes
Spill leak slow release of a hazardous material under atmospheric or head pressure through holes rips tears or openings lasting several minutes to days
Dispersion and engulfment
Hemispheric simicircular or dome shaped pattern of airborne hazardous materials that is still partially in contact with the ground or water results from rapid release detonation deflagration in violent rupture
Dispersion patterns
Energy generally travels outward in all directions from the point of release
Dispersion of energy affected by to rein in cloud cover solid cloud cover can reflect the detonation shock wave increasing the explosion impact
Energy release may propel the hazardous material and container parts however this dispersion may not be hemispherical
Dispersion in engulfment
CLOUD-Ball shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material that collectively rises above the ground or water
Gasses vapors in finely divided solids that release quickly puff release can disperse in cloud form under minimal wind conditions terrain or when affects can transform a cloud into a plume
PLUME- Your regular the shaped pattern of an airborne hazardous material where wind or topography influence the downrange course from the point of release
Dispersement and engulfment
Cone triangular sheet pattern of a has material with a point source at the breach and a wide base downrange 3 dimensional cone shape dispersion
POOL- 3 dimensional slow flowing liquid dispersion liquids assume the shape of their container and pull in low areas
IRREGULAR- Irregular or indiscriminate deposit of a hazardous material such as that carried by a contaminated responder
STREAM- Surface flowing pattern of liquid has it is material that is affected by gravity and topography contours liquid release flow downslope whenever there’s a gradient away from the point of release
Contacts impingement time frames
Immediate -milliseconds seconds explosions detonations examples
Short term- min , hours ( gas or vapor cloud)
Medium term - days ,weeks,months( lingering pesticide)
Long-term - year, generation ( permanent radioactive source)
Pressure facts relating to has a Hazardous materials
Pounds per square inch common measurements for pressure
Atmospheric pressure force exerted by the weight of the atmosphere at the surface of the Earth 14.7 psi method of comparing the weight of the atmosphere with the height of a column of Mercury
Pressure relief devices
Releases that pressure relief devices or damage fittings Are the most common run away cracking associated with BLE V E
Cryogenic containers
Releases from pressure relief devices or damage fittings are most common
Pressure tanks
Have pressure of 15PSI or greater
These things typically released their products as gasses and vapors dorne rapid relief events slowly extreme vows and fittings or violent ruptures
Cryogenic liquid tanks
Have a pressure of 15PSI or greater were capacities from 300 to 400000 gallons
When product is release it has a tendency to pool
Low pressure storage tanks
Have operating pressures from 0.5 to 15 psi examples are dome roof tanks, noded sphroid tanks, spherical tanks
Low pressure storage tanks typically contain flammable and combustible liquids with low vapor pressures such as solvents
The priority is eliminating Ignition sources at incidents involving these containers
Non -pressure atmospheric storage tanks
Designed to whole contents under little or no pressure 0.5 PSI
These tanks hold liquids most often hydrocarbons
Consider these types of tanks as confined spaces because they have dangerous atmospheres
Underground storage tanks
Usually contain liquids typically gasoline
More than 10% of their surface area underground
High pressure tank trucks
Known as M C3 31
Pressures typically between a 100 to 500 psi capacities of 3000 to 11000 gallons
Typically transports propane in hydras ammonia butane
Following features bolted man way large hemispherical heads on both ends permanent marking such as flammable gas compressed gas shipping name or identifiable manufacturer or distributor names
Cryogenic tank trucks
But known as M C3 38 or T C3 38
Pressure that can be less than 25 and up to 500 psi
Initial evacuation distance of one mile
Emergency shut off on the left front or right rear
Low pressure chemical tank trucks
Known as M C3 07 pressures of 25 to 35 psi
Carries liquids including flammable combustible liquids mile corrosives
Features rounded or whole horseshoe shaped ends
Stiffening rings that may be visible or covered
Emergency shut off hydraulic or pneumatic located on the left front of the tank
None pressure cargo Tank trucks
Known as M C3 06 constructed of aluminum or steel typical pressure less than 4 psi
They usually carry flammable combustible liquids such as gasoline fuel oil alcohol or other non hazardous liquids features:
Oval shape, men ways located in over turn protection areas, bottom valves, valve assembly in unloading control Box undertake emergency shut off systems
Tanks typically involved in liquid spills or leaks
Corrosive liquid tank trucks
Known as M C3 12 Pressure of 35 to 55PSI
Usually have one compartment
Features small diameter round shape exterior stiffening rings top unloading on the rear of the tank with exterior piping extending to the bottom of the tank discolored loading unloading area pressure relief valve typically located in turn over protection
Typically involved in liquid spills or leaks
Pressure rail tank cars
Transports flammable non flammable and poisonous gasses at pressures greater than 25 psi
Features top loading cars cylindrical none compartmentalize shape
Out of sight fittings loading unloading pressure leaf located inside the protective housing mounted on man way
Cryogenic rail liquid tank cars
Low pressure usually below 25 psi liquid temperature minus a 130ﾟF Argon hydrogen nitrogen and oxygen found in these tanks
The combination of insulation in vacuum protects the contents from ambient temperatures for only 30 days
IRG then nissho isolation zone for a cryogenic liquid tank car is 1/2 mile radius
Low pressure rail tank car
Transport hazardous and non hazardous solid and liquids with vapor pressures below 25 psi
Cylindrical with rounded ends
compartmentalize with up to 6 compartments constructed as distinct tanks each with its own set of fittings capacity and ability to transport a different commodity
Fittings for loading unloading pressure or vacuum relief gages visible at the top or bottom of the car
Covered hopper cars
Often transport dry bulk material such as green calcium carbide ammonium nitrate in cement
Uncovered hopper cars may carry coal sand gravel or rocks
Pneumatically unload copper cars unload by air pressure dry bulk materials such as ammonium nitrate for allies are dry caustic soda plastic pellets and cement
Capacity stencel on rail cars
Shows the volume of the tank car tank the volume in gallons in sometimes leaders is stenciled on both ends of the car under the cars reporting marks
Water weight in pounds is stencel on the sides of the tank near the center of the tar
The capacity in pounds is sensor on the sides of the car under the cars reporting Mars
Reporting marks
Reporting marks are used to attain information about the card’s contents from the railroads computer they are stenciled on both sides to the left when facing the side of the car and both ends upper center of the tank car tank
Intermodal tank containers
Generally have a cylinder enclosed at both ends
The capacity of these containers do not exceed 6340 gallons
Low pressure intermodal tanks
IM101 portable tanks- Call International maritime organization tank one
They are built to withstand maximo allowable working pressure of 25.4 to 100 psi
IM102 portable tanks- Are called IMO tank to they are designed to handle maximum allowable working pressure of 14.5 to 25.4 psi
Ton containers
They have a capacity of one short ton or 2000 pounds they are typically stored on their sides the ends heads of the containers are convex or concave and they have to valves in the center of 1 end 1 above the other
Can hold chlorine also sulfur dioxide Anhydrous ammonia or freon refrigerant
Y cylinders or Y ton containers
Type of compressed gas Cylinder that can be bulk or non bulk
These containers are typically 7’ 2’ inches in diameter have a wall thickness of about 0.6” and when empty weighs about 1200 pounds.
Water capacities of 120 gallons
Often use for refrigerants they typically operate in a cascade system
Radioactive material containers
Excepted- This package is used to transport materials that have limited radio activity That present no wrist of the public or environment
Exempt from several labeling and documentation requirements
INDUSTRIAL- This container’s design retains retext is contents door normal transportation activities contains limited hazard to the public examples are slightly contaminated clothing laboratory samples smoke detectors
TYPE A- Protects its contents in maintiens sufficient shield and under conditions normally encountered during transportation ready whacked of materials with relatively high specific activity levels are ship in Taipei packages examples radiopharmaceuticals
TYPE B- Must demonstrate their ability to withstand normal shipment conditions but must also withstand severe accident conditions without releasing their content
Size of these packages range from small container to those weighing over a 100 t
Examples radiation hazard to the public materials with high levels a radio activity such as spent fuel from new gular power plants
TYPE C- These are rare packages used for high activity materials including plutonium transported by aircraft that can withstands severe accident conditions associated with transport without losing containment or increase in external radiation levels
Pipelines
Examples of leaks are visible vapor cloud hissing roaring explosive sounds strong odors liquids bubbling up from the water or soil high pressure gas blown out of water or soil dead vegetation or discolored snow above pipeline
MARKERS- Include the words caution warning danger
The also contain information describing the transported commodity the Carrier operators name in emergency telephone number
Intermediate bulk containers
Flexible intermediate bulk containers in rigid intermediate bulk containers both types are often called totes
Max capacity 3000 l or 793gal
Min 450l or 119 gal
Holds Ava tion fuel, let gasoline, hydrochloric acid, methanol, toluene,corrosive liquids solid materials in powder
Flexible intermediate bulk containers FIBC
Call boat bags super sex there are flexible collapsible bags are used to carry both solid materials in fluid
Supersacks can carry the equivalent of 4 to 55 gallon drums
Ridid intermediate bulk containers are RIBC
Typically meet of steel a moment of wood fiber board or plastic they can contain both solid materials in liquids
They may carry liquids fertilizer solvents and other chemicals and they may have capacities up to 400 gallons and pressures up to a 100 psi
Non bulk packaging
Used to transport smaller quantities of hazardous materials They are usually use dorne highway transport or other routine transportation
Bags, carboys and Jerricans.
Carboy is a large glass or plastic bottle in a basket or Box primarily used to store and transport corrosive liquids their capacities may exceed 20 gallons but 5 gallons are more common
Cylinders
Design for pressures higher than 40PSI
Cylinders with the exception of some debt store poisons are equipped with safety relief devices
Dewar flask
Non pressurized insulated container that has a vacuum space between the outer show in the inner vessel designed for storage in dispensing of cryogenic materials such as liquid nitrogen liquid oxygen and helium
Capacity 4 gallons to a 125 gallons In as large as 1250 gallons
Nims ICS
Combines command strategy with organizational procedures it provides a functional systematic organizational structure that clearly shows the lines of communication in chain of command
Key aspects modular organization ,manageable span of control
Nims ICS 5 major organizational functions
Command operations planning Logistics Finance Administration
Command section
Strategic level and tells the overall direction and goals of the incident
Tactical level identifies the object is that the tactical level supervisor must achieve to meet the strategic goals
Task level describes this specific task needed to meet tactical level requirements in assigns these task to operational units companies or individuals
Incident commander duties
Overall charge of the incident
Establish the command posts formulate incident action plan
Direct all incident resources to implement a plan and meet goals and objectives
Establish a decontamination plan in operation
Command post
Should be established and a safe location uphill up when in upstream from the incident
Operation section
Operations section directly manages all incident tactical activities the tactical priorities as well as the safety and welfare of personal working in operation section.
The operations section chief directs the tactical operations to meet the I c’s strategic goals
Establishes and maintains the staging areas
Planning section
Gathers assimulate analyzes and processes information needed for effective decision making
Command uses the Information compiled by planning to develop strategic goalIn contingency plans
Logistic section
Don’t logistics section is thus support mechanism for the organization that provides services and support systems to all organizational components involved in the incident
2 branches support branch include supplies facilities ground support vehicle services
Service branch includes medical communications in food services
Intelligence in information Section
The intelligence and information section is a stablish at incidents when WM d’s or criminal activities are suspected
Isolation Zone
At terrorist incidents in the US the FBI salvages in evidence search perimeter 1.5 X the distance of the farthest known piece of evidence
Hazard control zones Hot Zone
Hot Zone and area surrounding an incident that is potentially dangerous either because it presents a threat in the form of a hazardous material or effects thereof
Work performed inside The Hot Zone is limited to highly trained personnel Hazmat text Mission specific operations and bomb technicians
Hazard control Zone warm Zone
Warm Zone called contamination reduction zone or quarter is area adjoining The Hot Zone and extend into the cold Zone
D contamination takes place in the warm zone
Hazard control Cold zone
Surrounds the warm zone in is used to carry out all the just ical support functions of the incidents workers in the coals on are not required to wear PPE because his own is considered safe
Staging area backup teams logistical support tree aage criminal investigation teams transportation areas
Staging
Staging and is located in the Cold zone
Cornering quartering staging is used during Terror incidents. Spreads out emergency response Personnel from one another allows Personnel to envelop the scene and provide multiple treatment areas or operations
Evacuation procedures
Cease operations all quiet- one long blast 3 second
Evacuate the area- 3 short blasts 1 second each
Resume operations- one long and one short blast
Protection of the environment he and property
Exposure protection is a defensive control tactic
Product control
One primarily defensive and 1 offen sive
Spill control is a defensive strategy that attempts to confine a hazardous material that has been released from its container
Leak control is an offensive strategy that attempts to contain material in its original container or transfer it to another container
Terrorist incidents
Unified command structure is required at most terrorist incident law enforcement will have jurisdiction over all incidents involving terrorism
Wmd threat Spectrum most likely to least likely
Number one explosives such as i.e. D’s vehicle bombs suicide bombers
Number 2 biological toxins such as ricin
Number 3 industrial chemicals such as chlorine and pristine
Number 4 biological pathogens contagious disease
Number 5 radiological materials
Number 6 military grade chemical weapons
Number 7 nuclear weapons such as nucular bombs
What is the greatest WMD threat today?
Answer test question explosives Explosive attacks Chemical attacks Biological attacks Radio logical in nuclear attacks
Anatomy of an explosion
The pressure from the expanding gasses compresses the surrounding hatmosphere and to his shock front that is sometimes visible expanding outward and from the point of detonation
Then a negative pressure or suction phase is created displaced atmosphere rushes back and to fill the vacuum left at the center of the explosion this rush of air also has destructive power although not to the same degree as the positive pressure wave.
And explosions negative pressure phase last about 3 times longer than the positive pressure phase
High explosives
Decompose rapidly almost instantaneously in a detonation that can include velocities faster than the speed of sound
Examples plastic explosives nitroglycerin ,T and T, blasting caps ,Dynamite, ammonium nitrate and fuel oil
Low explosives
Materials decompose rapidly but do not produce an explosive effect unless they are confined.
Commonly used as propellants
Black powder is an example of a low Explosive, Fireworks ,incendiary materials
Primary explosives
Are generally more sensitive then secondary explosives
Primary explosives- easily initiated and highly sensitive to heat and usually used as detonators Examples lead azide, mercury fumigation
SECONDARY EXPLOSIVES - designed to detonate only under specific circumstances usually by activation energy from a primary explosive
TNT is an example
TERTIARY EXPLOSIVES ( BLASTING AGENTS)- Ammonium nitrate they usually require initiation from a secondary explosive
Home made explosive materials staging area
Respond is typically stage 300 m or a 1000’ away from my suspected explosive material incident
Typically made by combining in oxidizer with a fuel
Peroxide based explosives
Peroxide based explosives are made by mixing concentrated hydrogen peroxide acetone and either hydrochloric or sufuric acid
Chlorate based explosives
IEDS CONTAIN CHLORATE BASED OXIDIZERS COMMONLY TAKE THE FORM OF WHITE CRYSTAL OR POWDER THAT MUST BE MIXED WITH A FUEL SOURCE
NITRATE BASED EXPLOSIVES
Some ieds contain nitrate based oxidizers and some may already have a fuel source included such as black powder and smokeless powder
IED PIPE BOMBS
Most common type of ied in us
4 to 14 inches
Steel or polyvinyl chloride pipe sections and ends capped
* can throw shrapnel up to 300 feet
FBI uses acronym alert
ALONE AND NERVOUS LOOSE AND BULKY CLOTHING EXPOSED WIRES THROUGH SLEEVE RIGID MID SECTION EXPLOSIVE DEVICE OR RIFLE TIGHTENED HANDS MAY HOLD DETON DEVICE
Vehicle borne improvised explosive devices
When using a small vehicle such as a passenger car the explosives of are often concealed in the trunk
Response to explosive IED events
Do not use 2 way radio cell phone or a Mobile data terminals within a minimum of 300’ of any device or suspected device
Nerve agents
Are the most toxic chemical warfare agents exposure to even minute quantities can kill quickly by attacking the nervous system
Usually clear colorless
G agents may have I slight fruity odor
VX is odorless most common v-agent a contact exposure hazard
Nerve agents or liquids at ambient temperatures and dispersed as aerosolized liquid vapor not gas.
Agents will not travel far unless liquid is exposed to high temps and aerosolizes
Blister agents Mustard agents (sulfur)nitrogen Arsenical vesicants ( lewisite)
They burn and blister the skin or any other part of the body they contact the act on the eyes mukee’s membranes lungs skin and blood forming organs they damage the respiratory track when inhale and can cause vomiting and diarrhea when ingested
Blister agents are usually persistent and maybe oily liquids ranging from colorless to pale yellow to dark Brown dependent on purity blister agents may take several days or weeks to evaporate it is more difficult to move these agents during decontamination then less viscous products
BLOOD AGENTS
Chemical asphyxiant
The interfere with the body’s ability to use oxygen either by preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen to other cells in the body or by inhibiting the ability of cells to use oxygen for producing the energy required for metabolism.
ARSINE -COLORLESS MILD GARLIC ODOR
HYDROGEN CYANIDE -COLORLESS ,HIGHLY VOLATILE ,HIGHLY SOLUBLE bitter almonds 25 percent of public can not smell
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE -DISSOLVES IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS HAS PUNGENT BITING ODOR VOLATIVE
Choking hazards
Attack and cause tissue damage to the lungs
To most common choking agents are chlorine and phosgene
CHLORINE -YELLOW GREEN COLOR PRESSURIZED HAS PUNGENT BLEACH LIKE IRRITATING ODOR , WHEN RELEASED TURNS INTO GAS HEAVIER THAN AIR
PHOSGENE-COLORLESS NONFLAMMABLE , SMELL IF FRESHLY CUT HAY . Boiling point 47degrees f heavier than air
Riot control agents
Tear gas
Are chemical compounds that cause immediate react irritation to the eyes mouth throat lungs and skin temporally disabling
All right agents are solids you required dispersion aerosolized particles
Incapacitant- Produces a temporarily disabling condition that persist for hours to days after exposure
TOXIC INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
Is an industrial chemical that is toxic that a certain concentration and is produced in quantities exceeding 30 t per year at 1 production facility
3 categories
High hazard- Indicates a widely produced stored or transported Tim the has high toxicity in his easily vaporized
MEDIUM HAZARD- Indicates ATI M that may rank high in some categories but is lower and others such as number of producers physical state or toxicity .
LOW HAZARD - Indicates that this TI am is not likely to be a hazard unless specific operational factors indicate otherwise
Biological attacks
Biological weapon agents do not cause immediate health effects most biological agents take hours days or weeks to make someone ill dependent on the agents incubation period.
Saxitoxin , neurotoxin produced by marine organism acts more quickly min to hours
Radio logical devices
Are sometimes referred to as dirty bombs because the contamination they spray good ruin property crops and livestock and called set large areas to be come unusable
Radiation exposure devices
Is a powerful gamma in mitting radiation source terrace made place it in high profile location such as high traffic urban area entertainment arena or shopping complex which could cause a large number of people to the intense radiation source
Radio logical dispersal devices
Tyrus use RD d’s to create fear and panic by exposing people to radioactive material or to contaminate areas of buildings making them unusable until decontaminated
In RDD typically uses the force of conventional explosives to scatter radioactive material
Radio logical dispersal weapons
Are non explosiveRDW is can use an expensive in common item such as pressurized containers building ventilation systems fans and mechanical devices to spread radioactive contamination
Types of decontamination
Gross decontamination where surface contamination is reduced as quickly as possible
Emergency decontamination to remove the threaten contaminant from the victim is quickly as possible without regard for the environment or property protection
Technical Decontamination using chemical or physical methods to thoroughly remove and Tam minutes from responders primarily entry team personnel and their equipment conduct it with formal decontamination line or corridor following gross decontamination
Mass decontamination decontamination of large numbers of people in the fastest possible time to reduce surface contamination to a safe level
DECONTAMINATION
Gross DECONTAMINATION surface contamination is reduced as quickly as possible
EMERGENCY DECONTAMINATION- remove threatening contaminant from the victim as quickly as possible without regard for environment or property protection
TECHNICAL DECON - using chemical or physical methods to thoroughly remove contamination usually within corridor line after gross decontamination
MASS DECONTAMINATION-decon of large numbers of people in the fastest possible time to reduce surface containmination to a safe level
Decon methods
Wet or dry physical or chemical
Test answer
The most effective means of decontamination May be a simple as the removal of the outer clothing or PPE that has been contaminated by the hazardous materialOr flushing with water remove substance or dilutes it to a safe level
Physical and chemical Decon
Physical methods of deakon remove the contaminant from a contaminated person without changing the material chemically wet
methods may dilute the chemical
Chemical methods are used to make the contaminant less harmful by changing it through some kind of chemical process for example using bleach to sanitize tools and equipment there have been exposed to harmful biological agents
The organisms are actually killed by the bleach
Examples of physical Decon
Absorption Adsorption Brushing in scraping Dilution Evaporation I solution and disposal Washing Vacuuming
Example of chemical Decon
Chemical degradation Sanitization Disinfection Sterilization Neutralization Solidification
Technical Decontamination techniques
ABSORPTION- Process of picking up liquid contaminants with absorbents For examples baking powder ashes Activated carbon vermiculate
ADSORPTION- Process in which a has it is liquid interacts with or bond to the surface of assortment material such as activated carbon
BRushing and scraping
Chemical degradation
Dilution- Dilution is the process of using water to flush contaminants from contaminated victims or objects and diluting water soluble has it is materials to safe levels
NEUTRALIZATION- Changes the ph of a corrosive raising or lowering it towards 7 which is neutral on the ph scale neutralization should not be performed on living tissue
Sanitization
Reduces the number of micro organisms to a safe level by washing hands with soap and water
Disinfection
Kills most of the micro organisms present procedure used to kill blood borne pathogen such as wiping contaminated surfaces with the bleach solution
Sterilization
Kills all micro organisms present sterilization is normally accomplish with chemicals steam heat or radiation
Solidification
Process that takes a hazardous liquid Internet treats it chemically so that turns into a solid not use for personal Deacon termineation
Mass decon technics
Mass decon- Uses large volumes of low pressure water in a fog pattern to quickly reduce the level of contamination
Mass decontamination for ambulatory victims
Ambleigh Tory victimes should be directed to an area of safe refuge within the isolation parameter to await prioritization for decontamination
Triage
Test question
Will be conducted in the coal zone after decontamination has been performed
Start- Simple triage and Rapid Treatment/ Transport
Guidelines for decontamination operations
Test question
Ensure technical deakon set up is operational before entry personnel entered The Hot Zone
Decontamination fact
Niosh Recommends those conduct in DE contamination dress in ensemble classified one level below entry team
Evidence collection and decontamination
Only ducks terior of the packaging will be decontaminated as it passes from The Hot Zone to the coals on when evidence passes through the decon corridor chain of custody must be documented per AHJ procedures
Conducting rescues hazmat
That hazmat incidents rescuers with proper PPE typically start at the incidents outer edges and work their way in
Conducting triage
4 categories
Priority 1 life threatening injuries highest priority
Priority 2 serious but not life threatening injuries
Priority 3 minor injuries
Priority 4 Dead or fatally injured
Spill control
Tactics confine a hazardous material that has my release from its container
Control actions involving spills are generally defensive in nature
Spill Control is not restricted to liquids responders may also need to confine dust vapors and gasses with the following water Earth plastic sheets salvage covers from blankets on liquids
Operational level responders take protective actions
But do not stop the release unless they can close a remote shut up thou from a safe location
Defensive spill tactics absorption adsorption tion blanketing covering dam Dike diversion vapor suppression
Neutralization
Considered a Tech level offensive containment tactic
Neutralization aims to reduce or eliminate the chemical hazard of the material rather than physically contain it
Absorption
Like a sponge soaking up water soaks up or retains a liquid has it is material in some other material
Use for small spills of gasoline or diesel fuel
Adsorption
Molecules of the liquid hazardous material physically at here to the add zorba material rather than being absorbed into its inner space such as activated charcoal
Controls shallow liquid spills
Blankering /covering
Prevent dispersion of hazardous materials
Maybe use as a form of temporary mitigation for radioactive and biological substances to reduce alpha or Beta radiation or prevent the spread of biological materials
Vapor dispersion
Directs or influences the course of airborne hazardous materials pressurize streams of water from hose lines were unintended massive streams may help disperse vapors these streams create turbulence which increases the rate of the materials mix in with air in reduces the concentration of the hazardous material
Dilution
Is the application of water to a water soluble material to reduce the hazard responders use dilution more frequently during decontamination operations
Creates run off problems
Leak control
Hazardous materials technicians and specialist perform mostly control tactics which are offensive
Cargo tank truck shut off Devices
Are often located behind the driver side cab
HIGH PRESSURE TANKS shut off located left front corner of the tank
The also had a electronic device that can be activated from A 150’ from the vehicle
None pressure liquid tanks and low pressure chemical tanks Shut off located on the left front corner of the tank
Corrosive liquid tanks do not typically have emergency shutoff devices
Intermodal container shut off device
High pressure in cryogenic gas service containers shut off for the bottom internal valve
Pull this cable to activate their mergency shut off you may also be able to pull a handle or other device to activate the emergency shut off device
Fix facility pipelines shut off valves
Responder should not shut any thous without direction from facility or pipeline operators
Flammable and combustible liquids spill control
Control and vapors is a priority at flammable and combustible liquid spills vapor suppression used in firefighting foam can be effective if the foam concentrate is compatible with the hazardous material
Foam concentrates
Foam quality is measured in terms of its 25% drain its time in its expansion ratio drain is time is the time required for a 1/4 25% of the total liquid solution to drain from the foam expands generatio is the volume of finish foam that results from a unit volume of foam solution
Long drain ish times result in long lasting phone blankets
foam application methods
Roll on method
Bank down application method
Rain down Method Is is best use with AFFF foam
For vapor suppression responders should use air aspirating nozzles rather than water fog nozzles
Flammable in combustible liquid fire control
When direction in typography meet play an important role in fire spread
Leak control
Up until the leak is control do not extinguish flammable combustible liquid fires burning around relief browser or piping unborne vapors are usually heavier-than-air in form pools or pockets of gas in low areas where they may ignite if you are in a leak area attempt to control all Ignition sources
3 methods common methods of cooking meth
One single bottle message 1 pot method
Red phosphorus method
Nazi /birch method
Flammability is perhaps the most serious hazard associated with meth labs
Red phoshorous
The red p method of cooking math produces a by-product phosphine gas- Odor of garlic or decaying fish ignites spontaneously on contact with air. a highly toxic flammable gas
Caution at meth labs
Presence of sodium, lithium and other water reactive substances can complicate fire suppression activities at laboratories because they wreck with water from whole streams extinguishers or sprinkler systems
Meth labs Facts
For every pound 0.5 kg of meth produce labs generally approximately 6 pounds of hazardous waste
Chemical agent labs
For signs: of chemical such as organophosphate pesticides, Presence of cyanides or acids
Methyl iodide and phosphorus trichloride indicates an attempt to make sarin *
Explosive labs
After drug labs explosive labs are the 2nd most common type of lab encountered explosive labs
Explosives
Common homemade explosives are peroxide base but other types of explosives or even simpler
Rock said base explosives are sensitive to heat shock in a friction some of the common ingredients Found
Acetone ethanol hexamine hydrogen peroxide strong or weak acids
Detection a radiological lab
Specially trained personnel and equipment are required to mitigate in detect the hazards in radio logical laboratories
Though quipment must include a :
Dose meter- that reads gamma radiation
Contamination meter- that reads alpha and Beta radiation
7 mechanism of harm
TRACEM-P
7 mechanism of harm
TRACEM-P
non pressurized tank features
