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Hazard Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the case study for a tropical storm in a less developed part of the world.

A

Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.

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2
Q

Describe the impacts on human life of Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • 6,200 dead
  • 1,700 missing
  • 1 million people in shelters
  • No food or water
  • 4.1 million people forced to leave their homes
  • Bodies were floating in the water as well as trapped under debris
  • 5 million left homeless
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3
Q

Describe the impacts on property of Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • 550,000 homes were destroyed
  • 580,000 homes were severely damaged
  • 90% of all homes were damaged in some way
  • Lost all of their possessions and belongings, which could take up to a generation to get back what they had
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4
Q

Describe the impacts on general infrastructure of Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • Trees were ripped out and thrown, covering roads, transport links and communication lines
  • Streets were completely submerged in floods
  • Huge waves hit the slums near the river
  • Around $3 billion worth of damage
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5
Q

What was a large problem with the accuracy of the number of deaths?

A

The Philippines don’t have the same birth and death records as us.
This means that there may be no records of some births so if that person died they wouldn’t be recorded.
Therefore, the death toll has the potential to be higher.
-Some areas included the missing in the death toll as well

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6
Q

What was Typhoon Haiyan?

A

A super typhoon that was category 5.

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7
Q

Describe the physical hazards that occurred as a result of the Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • 6 meter storm surge
  • Winds of up to 195mph
  • Flooding
  • Caused flooding to extend over 1km in land
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8
Q

When did Typhoon Haiyan make landfall?

A
  • On the 7th November 2013
  • At 4:40 local time
  • Made landfall in Tacloban, the capital city- a poor area
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9
Q

Describe Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • A super typhoon
  • Category 5
  • 600km (370 miles) wide
  • One of the most deadly and intense tropical cyclones on record
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10
Q

Describe the responses made by individuals following Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • Stocking up on food in case of flooding etc.
  • People digging up underground pipes to find clean water
  • Searching through the rubble to find casualties and people trapped
  • Helping those injured and getting them to medical centres etc.
  • Mayor of Tacloban ordered a mass grave to be dug
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11
Q

Describe the Federal Responses made following Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • 800,000 people were evacuated by the government
  • Government declared a National State of Catastrophe and asked other countries for aid.
  • Security forces were sent in some areas to prevent looting
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12
Q

Describe the National Responses made following Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • 3 cargo planes, 20 Naval ships and 32 military planes and helicopters were on stand by to rescue people
  • People in coastal areas were moved to evacuation centres.
  • Emergency Hospitals and Medical centres were set up
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13
Q

Describe the International Responses that were made following Typhoon Haiyan.

A
  • £6 million in aid from the U.K. was sent
  • £2.5 million was promised from the EU
  • The World Food Programme mobilised £1.25 million in aid to send 40 tonnes of Fortified Biscuits to victims
  • Oxfam sent rice seeds to farmers so they could regrow their crops
  • There are still Emergency shelters set up with volunteers supplying aid to those in need now
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14
Q

Give the Case Study of a tropical storm in a More Developed Country.

A

Hurricane Katrina in America.

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15
Q

Describe the impacts on human life of Hurricane Katrina?

A
  • Over 15 million people were affected
  • At least 1,800 people killed (nearly half were over the age of 74)
  • Over 1 million people displaced
  • 705 people still reported missing
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16
Q

Describe the impacts on property of Hurricane Katrina.

A
  • Cost of damage was around $135 billion
  • $81 billion in property damage
  • $2 billion cost on agriculture- lack of food
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17
Q

Describe the impacts on general infrastructure of Hurricane Katrina.

A
  • 80% of New Orleans was under water
  • Storm Surge was up to 20ft (6m) in some areas
  • 200,000 farm animals were killed
  • 40% of food stores were destroyed
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18
Q

Describe the impacts on transport of Hurricane Katrina.

A
  • 100,000 people were trapped inside the city (mostly elderly who couldn’t drive)
  • Buses were supposed to come and pick them up but never came
  • As a result people had to evacuate to the Superdome
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19
Q

Describe the response made by individuals following Hurricane Katrina.

A

-Mike Henna collected $90,000 worth of aid and distributed it to the poor and in need.

20
Q

Describe the Federal Responses that were made following Hurricane Katrina.

A
  • National Guard were sent out to prevent looting
  • Alleged that it was black and elderly most affected and that if it were the white the government would have reacted differently
  • Buses were sent to collect people but drivers wouldn’t go, afraid of being attacked
21
Q

Describe the National Responses that were made following Hurricane Katrina.

A
  • Government aid was rapidly distributed
  • The US Senate asked for $10.5 billion in aid in the first week of September
  • $51.8 billion was allocated from Federal Funds
  • National Guard was deployed to stop looters and crime
22
Q

Describe the International Responses that were made following Hurricane Katrina.

A

-The public donated $1.8 billion to the American Red Cross

23
Q

When and where did Hurricane Katrina make landfall?

A

-25th August 2005 at Aventura in Florida

Originated over the Bahamas on 23 August

24
Q

Give a case study of an Earthquake on a local scale.

A

Kobe in Japan

25
Q

Describe the human, physical and social impacts of the Kobe Earthquake.

A
  • Over 6000 people died
  • 250,000 people made homeless
  • Honchin Expressway, Kobes main traffic route into and out of the city was completely tipped on its side
  • More than 50 separate fires started only a minute after the earthquake
  • 10m + tsunami waves flooded the coastal lowlands
26
Q

What was the Long Term response of the Community following the Kobe earthquake?

A
  • Rebuilt homes and buildings with seismic resistant materials and structures
  • Improved the fire fighting capacity to prevent the rapid spread of fires
  • Communication and education programmes were set up by the city council to increase the awareness of the dangers of the secondary impacts
27
Q

What was the Authorities Long Term Response to the Kobe Earthquake?

A

-Government created the “Disaster Management Policy” to increase the speed and efficiency of aid distribution and rescuing of people, to return back to normal life

28
Q

What was one of the main reasons that Kobe was so unprepared for the Earthquake?

A
  • Government believed that the most vulnerable area was the “Toki Gap” just South of Tokyo.
  • They put all of their efforts into predicting, forecasting and protecting this area, as a result Kobe was neglected
  • Emergency services were not prepared for an Earthquake with that level of destruction
29
Q

What is the Disaster Management Policy in Japan?

A
  • A policy to provide recovery and reconstruction of a disaster stricken area to aid people in returning to normal life
  • Also to restore facilities with the intention of preventing disasters in the future.
  • Focusses on the safety of the community
30
Q

Give the case study of a Wildfire Event.

A

Australia- Victoria’s “Black Saturday Bushfires”- February 2009

31
Q

What were the impacts of the Black Saturday Bushfires?

A
  • 250 people died (in less than 3 hours, with the majority being people dying in cars when trying to escape)
  • 2000 homes were destroyed
  • 500,000 hectares of land was destroyed
  • Engulfed hectares of forest and natural habitat
  • Radiant Heat was the biggest killer- safe distance being 4x the flame height away
32
Q

What were the causes of the Black Saturday Bushfire in Victoria?

A
  • They had experienced a record-breaking drought
  • Very dried out vegetation as a result
  • North-Westerly winds surged
  • Temperatures soared
  • Fire was blown into an oil-rich eucalyptus plantation- intensified the fire
  • Some of the fires were thought to have been started on purpose
33
Q

Give a case study of a volcanic hazard.

A

-Eyjafjallojokull Volcano- Iceland

34
Q

What kind of volcano is Eyjafjallojokull?

A

A composite cone (Stratovolcano)

35
Q

Where is Eyjafjallojokull located?

A
  • Located on the South of the island of Iceland

- On the constructive plate boundary of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

36
Q

When did Eyjaffojallojokull last erupt?

A

April 2010

There were also eruptions between 1994-1999, but no magma reached the surface for these

37
Q

What were the characteristics of the 2010 eruption?

A
  • The 2010 eruption experienced Vulcanian and Strombolian eruption phases (due to Thick Basaltic Lava, Tephra, Steam and Ash)
  • There were eruptions along the fissure between ice-caps that were seen as Fire Fountains and Fissure-lead viscous lava flows (Fountains reached up to 100m in the air)
  • Eruptions started directly under the glacier,causing the ice cap to melt leading to meltwater floods
  • Eruption was explosive due to meltwater getting into the vent
  • Magma was discharged
38
Q

What were the Primary Effects of the 2010 eruption?

A
  • The meltwater floods (containing mud and ash) caused flash flooding
  • Ash plume was so large and thick that it blocked out the sunlight
  • More than 500 tonnes of ash landed on a 2,500 acre farm directly below the volcano, damaging crops
  • Route 1 which runs around the whole island (connecting most inhabited areas) was destroyed in parts
  • Fine ash that was blown across Northern Europe stopped aviation flights for 8 days
39
Q

What were the secondary effects of the 2010 eruption?

A
  • Cattle that could not be evacuated were in danger of Fluoride poisoning
  • Soil was unreachable as it was covered in ash
  • Crops were destroyed due to ash so farmers had no income
  • The 100,000 flights cancelled cost around $2 billion
  • Positively,it has increased tourism in Iceland, with the farm that was directly hit now having a visitor centre
40
Q

What were the short term responses of the 2010 eruption?

A
  • Police and rescue teams helped 800 people to evacuate their homes
  • Breathing masks were given out to protect people from the ash cloud
  • Government ordered some roads to be destroyed, enabling meltwater floods to flow straight to sea
  • A 24 hour emergency information hotline was created to provide support for those directly and indirectly affected
  • The Icelandic Red Cross provided food for the farming families affected by the eruption
41
Q

What were the Long Term Responses of the 2010 eruption?

A
  • Research is taking place to find better ways of controlling ash concentrations so that the scale of the impacts doesn’t happen again
  • Improving forecast methods
  • Introduced a warning system when an eruption/ash cloud is expected
  • Ash was dug out of the bottom of rivers to prevent further flooding (a form of mitigation)
42
Q

Give a case study for a tsunami.

A

Indian Ocean Earthquake that triggered a Tsunami- 2004

43
Q

What caused the Boxing Day 2004 tsunami?

A
  • A magnitude 9 earthquake

- Result of the Indo-Australian Plate being subducted below the Eurasian Plate

44
Q

What were the characteristics of the tsunami?

A

-Waves reached up to 15m in some areas

-

45
Q

Describe the impacts of the tsunami.

A
  • 230,000 people died, the majority being from the resulting tsunami
  • Fish ports and boats were destroyed, fishing is Indonesia’s main source of income
  • A great number of crops were destroyed

Geography (6 decks)

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