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Phys 3 Practice Exam 2 > Hash hockey > Flashcards

Hash hockey Flashcards

1
Q

In most tissue beds, blood flow is regulated in proportion to what?

A

local metabolism (determined by local tissue flow)

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2
Q

What type of blood pressure is regulated independent of cardiac output and local flow?

A

arterial blood pressure

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3
Q

How do you determine what tissue bed has the greatest flow? Total peripheral resistance is at what value?

A

greatest flow = lowest resistance

TPR = .08 or less

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4
Q

What organ can have greater flow compared to cardiac output? (About 102%)

A

lungs

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5
Q

How do you determine what vessel would have the greatest resistance to flow?

A

great resistance to flow = greatest change in pressure

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6
Q

A BROAD band Doppler reading is indicative of what type of flow? Normal/abnormal?

A

broad = turbulent (generally abnormal)

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7
Q

A NARROW band Doppler reading is indicative of what type of flow? Normal/abnormal?

A

narrow = laminar (generally normal)

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8
Q

How do you determine the flow in a vessel?

A

flow = velocity x cross sectional area (CSA)

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9
Q

What vascular compartment has the greatest total cross sectional area?

A

capillaries

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10
Q

What vascular compartment has the single largest total area?

A

aorta

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11
Q

What are 3 important characteristics of parallel circuitry? How is total peripheral resistance affected?

A
  • independent of local flow control
  • maximized oxygen delivery to tissues
  • decreases work load on the heart
  • MINIMIZES total peripheral resistance
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12
Q

A SMALL change in volume producing a LARGE change in pressure is characters of what vascular compartment?

A

systemic arteries

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13
Q

A LARGE change in volume producing a SMALL change in pressure is characteristic of which vascular compartment?

A

systemic veins

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14
Q

Acetylcholine binding to the vascular endothelium has what effect?

A

vasodilation by causing nitric oxide release (on healthy endothelium)

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15
Q

Release of what substance on endothelium inhibits platelet aggregation and relaxes smooth muscle?

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

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16
Q

Release of what substance on endothelium constrict smooth muscle and may contribute to vasoconstriction when endothelium is damaged by hypertension?

A

endothelin

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17
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic nervous stimulation on most vascular smooth muscle?

A

vasoconstriction mediated by ALPHA receptors

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18
Q

During widespread sympathetic nervous system stimulation, which tissue bed would show the least increase in vascular resistance?

A

lung

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19
Q

What are the 3 exceptions to widespread vasoconstriction causing decreased blood flow due to SNS stimulation?

A

heart, brain, lungs

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20
Q

As a tissue becomes more active, how is blood flow to that tissue increased?

A

tissue releases local vasodilators

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21
Q

At a given mean circulatory filling pressure what happens to venous return as central venous pressure increases?

A

decreases

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22
Q

If cardiac output is stopped, arterial pressure will be expected to fall until it equals what?

A

critical closing pressure

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23
Q

If cardiac output is stopped WITH A SHUNT, arterial pressure will be expected to fall until it equals what?

A

mean circulatory filling pressure

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24
Q

In a healthy young adult comment about tissue flow during diastole and systole…

A 
diastole = maintained by recoil of the arteries
systole = arteries stretch
25
Q

If blood flow to a tissue doubles from 200 ml/min to 400 ml/min, and the AV-O2 difference falls from .05 ml O2/ml to .025 ml O2/ml. Comment on the increase in flow…what is it caused by?

A

it is likely due to shunting

26
Q

If blood flow to a tissue doubles, and the AV-02 stays the same. Comment on the change…what is it caused by?

A

it is a functional increase in flow, due to an increase in tissue metabolism

27
Q

What increases the plasma colloid osmotic effect by about 50%?

A

negative charges on protein attracting/holding positive ions like sodium (Donnan Effect)

28
Q

What is the plasma colloid osmotic effect?

A

function of protein concentration

29
Q

What are 4 important factors that attribute to slow breathing (6 breaths/minute)?

A
  • increased resting oxygen saturation
  • DECREASED sympathetic activity
  • decreased chemoreflex activation
  • decreased mean arterial blood pressure
30
Q

What effect does decreasing velocity have on blood viscosity?

A

increases

  • slower = thicker
  • faster = thinner
31
Q

How does fibrinogen decrease blood viscosity?

A

makes RBC’s more flexible

32
Q

How do you determine the mean circulatory filling pressure?

A

mean circulatory filling pressure = where venous return is 0

33
Q

The chronic use of anti­inflammatory drugs could be expected to inhibit what processes?

A

angiogenesis (inflammatory response)

34
Q

How do you determine filtration (hydrostatic) and reabsorption (osmotic) ratio?

A 
filtration = (capillary hydrostatic P - interstitial hydrostatic P)
reabsorption = (capillary colloid osmotic P - interstitial colloid osmotic P)
35
Q

Which brainstem area is tonically active and is associated with a tonic SNS outflow? (also associated with vasoconstriction and stimulates cardiac activity)

A

neurons anterolateral in the upper medulla and pons (pressor center)

36
Q

Which brainstem area is associated with vasodilation and decreased cardiac activity? Which brainstem area is associated with sensory information?

A

decreased cardiac activity = neurons anterolateral in the lower medulla (depressor center)
- posterolateral of pons/medulla = sensory

37
Q

What substances are associated with local vasodilatation?

A

adenosine, CO2, NO, histamine, K+ ions, H- ions

38
Q

What substances are associated with local vasoconstriction and decreasing of renal blood flow?

A

norepinephrine, angiotensin II, ADH

39
Q

What high resistance microvessels control local blood flow by intergrating multiple input which determine lumen diameter?

A

arterioles

40
Q

How do you determine distensibility? How do you determine compliance value?

A 
D = (change in volume/change in pressure x original volume)
C = change in volume/change in pressure
41
Q

What substances may act at the level of the CNS in the development of hypotension?

A

nitric oxide and serotonin (vasodilators)

42
Q

What substances may act at the level of the CNS in the development of hypertension?

A

ACH, norepinephrine (vasoconstrictors)

43
Q

In the kidney, how does SNS stimulation, increase angiotensin formation?

A

by stimulation of the JG cells to release renin

44
Q

In response to a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure, what changes would be counterproductive (not helpful) in offsetting that fall?

A

increase in ANP release (increase would not help)

45
Q

In response to a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure, what changes would be productive (helpful) in offsetting that fall?

A
  • increase in SNS stimulation
  • increase in renin release
  • increase in vasopressin release
46
Q

In the face of rising arterial blood pressure, what response would autoregulate both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration?

A

constriction of the afferent arterioles

47
Q

What effect does stimulation of baroreceptors, have on sympathetic outflow?

A

decreases (negative feedback response)

48
Q

During systole, what is happening to baroreceptor activity?

A

increases (decreasing SNS activity)

49
Q

During diastole (low pressure), what happens to heart rate, urine production, and secretion of ADH?

A
  • decrease HR
  • increase urine production
  • decrease secretion of ADH
50
Q

In the fetus, the ductus arteriosis shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta returning primarily from what vessel?

A

ductus arteriosis = superior vena cava

51
Q

In the fetus, the foramen ovale shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta returning primarily from what vessel

A

foramen ovale = inferior vena cava

52
Q

In fetal shunts, what 2 structures allow blood to bypass the lungs? Liver?

A 
lungs = ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale
liver = ductus venosus
53
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus in the fetus?

A

shunt blood from the umbilical vein into the inferior vena cava

54
Q

In which of the following tissue beds does sympathetic nervous system stimulation cause a metabolically induced local increase in blood flow?

A

heart

55
Q

In which of the following tissue beds does sympathetic nervous system stimulation cause a metabolically induced local DECREASE/constriction in blood flow?

A
  • active skeletal muscle
  • GI tract
  • brain
56
Q

During exercise, which of the following normally decreases? Increases?

A 
decrease = VO2 (and TPR)
increase = heart rate, active muscle blood flow, diastolic blood pressure
57
Q

During exercise most of the increase in cardiac output is due to which of the following?

A

increase in heart rate

58
Q

Exercise training can have what effect on stroke volume?

A

increase SV

59
Q

After exercise, oxygen debt is repayed to the muscles through what 3 systems?

A
  1. phosphocreatine system (8-10 sec)
  2. glycogen-lactic acid system (1.5 mins)
  3. aerobic system (unlimited w/ O2 and nutrition)

Phys 3 Practice Exam 2 (1 decks)

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