Hardware Flashcards
Twisted pair copper cabling
-Balanced pair operation (two wires with equal and opposite signals) (transmit+, transmit-, receive+, receive-)
-The twist keeps a single wire constantly moving away from the interface
Copper cable categories
Category 5, 5e (enhanced), 6, 6a (augmented)
Category 5 (cable)
Ethernet Standard: 1000BASE-T
Max Support Distance: 100 meters
Category 5e (cable)
Ethernet Standard: 1000BASE-T
Max Support Distance: 100 meters
Category 6
Ethernet Standard: 10 GBASE-T
Max Support Distance:
Unshielded = 55 meters
Shielded = 100 meters
Category 6a (cable)
Ethernet Standard: 10 GBASE-T
Max Support Distance: 100 meters
Coaxial cables
-Two or more forms share a common axis
-RG-6 used in television/digital cable and high-speed internet over cable
Plenum space
-a part of the building that provides air circulation
Plenum-rated cable
-Polyvinyl chloride (PCV) - traditional - low-smoke
-Fluorinated ethylene polymer (FEP) - fire-rated
UTP cable
-Unshielded Twisted Pair
-No additional shielding
-The most common twisted pair cabling
STP
-Shielded Twisted Pair
-Additional shielding protects against interference
-Shield each pair and/or the overall cable
-Requires cable to be grounded
Cable Abbreviations
U = Unshielded
S = Braided Shielding
F = Foil Shielding
(Overall cable)/(Individual pairs) TP
Example: S/FTP is braided shielding around the entire cable and foil around the pairs
Direct burial STP
-Buried cable in the ground
-Provides protection from the elements
-Often filled with gel to repel water
-Conduit may not be needed
-Protects against signal interference
Fiber communication
-Transmission by light
-No RF signal (radio frequency) (very difficult to monitor or tap)
-Transmission over long distances
Multimode fiber
-Short-range communication
-Up to 2km
-Relatively inexpensive light source (ie LED)
Single-mode fiber
-Long-range communication
-Up to 100km w/o processing
-Expensive light source (commonly uses lasers)
International ISO/IEC 11801
-Defines classes of networking standards
TIA
-Telecommunications Industry Assoiation
-Standards, market analysis, trade shows, govt affairs, etc
ANSI/TIA-568
-Commercial building telecommunications cabling standard
-Commonly referenced for pin and pair assignments of eight-conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted pair cabling (T568A and T568B)
Can you terminate one side of the cable with 568A and the other with 568B?
No!
-Not the meaning of gigabit ethernet crossover cable!
T568A colors in order
- white and green
- green
- white and orange
- blue
- white and blue
- orange
- white and brown
- brown
T568B colors in order
- white and orange
- orange
- white and green
- blue
- white and blue
- green
- white and brown
- brown
USB
-Universal Serial Bus
-Physical connections between devices
USB 1.1
-Low speed: 1.5 Mb/s, 3 meters
-Full speed: 12 Mb/s, 5 meters
USB 2.0
-480 Mb/s, 5 meters
USB 3.0/USB 3.1 Gen 1/USB 3.2 Gen 1
-SuperSpeed
-5 Gb/s, ~3 meters
USB-C
-No top or bottom
-USB-C describes the physical connector not the signal
-24-pin double-sided USB connector (used for both hosts and devices)
-Used for USB, Thunderbolt
–Interface is the same, signal can vary
USB 3.1/ USB 3.1 Gen 2/USB 3.2 Gen2
-SuperSpeed+
-Twice the rate of USB 3.0/USB 3.1 Gen 1
-10 Gb/s
USB 3.2 Gen 1x2
-Bandwidth can double w/ USB-C cables
-Uses an extra ‘lane’ of communication associated w/ the flip-flop wires in USB-C
-10Gb/s using two ‘Gen 1’ lanes
USB 3.2 Gen 2x2
-SuperSpeed USB 20Gbps using two ‘Gen 2” lanes
Thunderbolt
-High-speed serial connector
-Data and power on the same cable
-Based on Mini Display Port (MDP) standard
Thunderbolt v1
-Two channels
-10 Gbps per channel
-20 Gbps total throughput
-Mini Display Port connector
Thunderbolt v2
-20 Gbps aggregated channels
-Mini Display Port connector
Thunderbolt v3
-40 Gbps aggregated throughput
-USB-C connector
-max 3 meters (copper)
-60 meters (optical)
-daisy-chain up to 6 devices
Serial Console Cables
-D-Subminiature or D-Sub
(the letter refers to the connector size)
-Commonly used for RS-232 (Recommended Standard)
-Used for modems, printers, mice, networking
VGA
-Video Graphis Array
-DE-15 connector
-Blue color (PC System Design guide)
-Video only (no audio signal)
-Analog signal (no digital)
–Image degrades after 5-10 meters
HDMI
-High-Definition Multimedia Interface
-Video and audio stream (all digital no analog)
- ~20 meter distance before losing too much signal
-19-pin (Type A) connector (proprietary connector)
Display Port
-Digital information sent in packetized form
–Carries both audio and video
-Compatible w/ HDMI and DVI (passive adapter)
DVI
-Display Visual Interface
-Single and dual link video
–Single: 3.7 Gbps (HDTV at 60 fps)
–Dual: 7.4 Gbps (HDTV at 85 fps)
(fps= frames per second)
-No audio support
DVI-A
Analog signal
DVI-D
Digital signal
DVI-I
-Integrated
-Digital and analog in the same connector
SATA
-Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
-A command and transport protocol that defines how data is transferred between a computer’s motherboard and mass storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs), optical drives and solid-state drives (SSDs).
Types of SATA
-SATA Revision 1.0: 1.5 Gbps, 1 meter
-SATA Revision 2.0: 3 Gbps. 1 meter
-SATA Revision 3.0: 6 Gbps, 1 meter
-SATA Revision 3.2: 16Gbps, 1 meter
-eSATA: External SATA, matches the SATA version, 2 meters
SCSI Standard
-Small Computer Systems Interface Standard
-A set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices.
-The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, electrical, optical and logical interfaces.
SCSI advantages
-Not just for hard drives (scanners, tape drives, CD drives)
-Many devices on a single bus
–8 on narrow bus, 16 on wide bus
-Much of the difficult configuration work is done between the SCSI devices
-Industry longevity
SCSI ID
-Every SCSI device on a single bus is assigned a separate ID number
-SCSI ID 0: SCSI Controller
-SCSI ID 2: Hardware
-SCSI ID 3: CD-ROM
LUNs
-Logical Units
-Defined within each SCSI ID
-Separate drives in a storage array or virtual machine
Serial attached SCSI
-Move from physical to serial
-Increased throughput
-Similar to the move from PATA to SATA
-Point-to-point connection (no more daisy chains)
-No termination required (the bus has two devices on it)
-The control and management of SCSI (the speed of a serial connection)
PATA Standard
-Parallel AT Attachment, Parallel ATA, ATA
DVI to HDMI
-They are electrically compatible
-HDMI is backward-compatible with DVI-D
-No signal conversion required
-No loss of video quality
DVI to VGA
-DVI-A includes analog signals
-Backward compatible with VGA
-Only 640x480 is officially supported
-May only need an adapter (analog to analog)
-VGA to DVI-D will need a converter
USB to Ethernet
-Some laptops don’t have a wired Ethernet interface
-Convert USB to Ethernet
USB-C to USB-A
-Merge the new with the old
USB Hub
-connect many devices
-High-speed USB connectivity
RJ11 Connector
-Registered Jack type 11
-6 position, 2 conductor (6P2C)
-Some cables will wire additional conductors
-Telephone or DSL connection
-Copper connectors
RJ45 Connector
-Registered Jack type 45
-8 position, 8 conductor (8P8C)
-Modular connector
-Ethernet
F-connector
-Cable television
-Cable modem
-DOCSIS (Digital Over Cable Service Interface Specification)
Punchdown block
-Wire-to-wire patch panel
-No intermediate interface required
-Wires are ‘punched’ into the block
-Connecting block is on top
-Additional wires punched into connecting block (patch the top to the bottom)
Molex Connector
-4-pin peripheral power connector
-Molex Connector Company
-AMP MATE-N-Lok
-Provides +12V and +5V
-Power for many devices in the computer case (storage devices, optical drives, fans)
it connects your computer power supply to drives and devices inside the computer
Lightning
-Apple proprietary
-8-pin digital signals
Advantages over Mirco-USB:
-Higher power output for phones and tablets
-Can be inserted either way
LC
-Local Connector
-Fiber connector type
ST
-Straight Tip
-Fiber connector type
SC
-Subscriber Connector
-“Square Connector”
-Fiber connector type
RAM
-Random Access Memory
-Most common computer memory
-Different from hard drive or SSD storage
-Data and programs can only be used when to RAM
RAM Slots
-slot allows RAM to be inserted into the computer. Most motherboards have two to four memory slots, which determine the type of RAM used with the computer.
DIMM
-Dual In-line Memory Module
-a module that contains one or several random access memory (RAM) chips on a small circuit board with pins that connect it to the computer motherboard
SO-DIMM
-Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module
-About half the width as a DIMM
-Used in laptops and mobile devices
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
-The memory on the DIMM
-‘Dynamic’ b/c needs constant refreshing
–w/o refreshing, the data in memory disappears
-‘Random Access’: any storage location can be accessed directly
SDRAM
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
-Synchronous with the common system clock
–Queue up one process while waiting for another
SDR
-Single Data Rate
-One data per clock cycle
DDR
-Double Data Rate
-Two data per clock cycle
DDR3 SDRAM
-Double Data Rate 3 Synchronized Dynamic Random Access Module
-Twice the data rate of DDR2
-Larger chip capacities - max 16 GB per DIMM
DDR5 SDRAM
-Double Data Rate 5
-Faster data transfer b/t the memory module and motherboard
-Max of 64 GB per DIMM
Virtual Memory
-Swap currently unused application data to storage
–Free up space for other applications
-Managed automatically by the operating system
Multi-Channel Memory
-Dual-channel, triple channel, or quad-channel
-Memory combinations should match
-Memory module slots are often colored differently
Parity memory
-Adds an additional parity bit
-Won’t always detect an error
-Can’t correct an error
ECC
-Error Correcting Code
-Detects errors and corrects on the fly
-Not all systems use ECC
-It looks the dame as non-ECC memory
Parity
-Even parity
-The parity bit makes an even number
-a technique that checks whether data has been lost or written over when it is moved from one place in storage to another or when it is transmitted between computers.
HDD
-Hard Disk Drivers
-Non-volatile magnetic storage
–Rapidly rotating platters
-Random-access
–Retrieve data from any part of the drive at any time
-Moving parts: spinning platters and moving actuator arm
–Mechanical components limit the access speed
HDD Rotational Speed vs Avg Rotational Latency
15,000 - 2ms
10,000 - 3ms
7,200 - 4.16ms
5,400 - 5.55ms
SSD
-Solid-state drives
-Very fast performance (no spinning drive delays
mSATA
-Mini-Synchronous Advanced Technology Attachment
-Shrink the SATA drive into smaller devices
–great for laptops and mobile devices
-Smaller than 2.5” SATA drives
-quickly replaced by m.2 standard
AHCI
-Advanced Host Controller Interface
-SATA was designed for hard drives and uses AHCI to move drive data to RAM
-SATA revision 3 throughput up to 600MB/s
NVMe
-Non-Volatile Memory Express
-Designed for SSD speed (SSD needs faster communication than AHCI)
-Lower latency, supports higher throughputs
M.2 Interface
-Smaller form factor
-No SATA data or power cables
-Can use a PCI Express bus connection
–4Gbps throughput or faster when using NVMe
-Different connector types (B-key, M-key, or Band M-key)
Flash drives
-Flash memory
-EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)
–No power required to retain data
-Limited number of writes (can still read the data)
-Not designed for archival storage (easy to lose or damage)
CF
-Compact Flash
-type of flash drive
SD
-Secure Digital
-Type of flash drive
Optical drives
-Small bumps read with a laser beam
–Microscopic binary storage
-Relatively slow - archival media
-Ex: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Blu-Ray
RAID
-Redundant Array of Independent Disks
-Inexpensive disks
-Some redundant some not
RAID 0
-Striping
-File blocks are split b/t two or more physical drives
-Data written quickly but no redundancy
–A drive failure breaks the array
Disk 0 (Block 1A)(Block 3A)(Block 5A)
Disk 1 (Block 2A)(Block 4A)(Block 6A)
RAID 1
-File blocks are duplicated b/t two or more physical drives
-High disk utilization and high redundancy
Disk 0(Block 1)(Block 2)(Block 3)
Disk 1(Block 1)(Block 2)(Block 3)
RAID 5
-Striping w/ parity
-File blocks are striped along with a parity block (requires at least three disks)
-Files aren’t duplicated but space is still used for parity
-Data is available after drive failure
Disk 0(Block 1A)(Block 1B)(Parity C)
Disk 1(Block 2A)(Parity B)(Block 2C)
Disk 2(Parity A)(Block 3B)(Block 3C)
RAID 10 / RAID 1+0
-A strip of mirrors
-The speed of striping and the redundancy of mirroring (best of both worlds)
-Need at least 4 disks
Disk 0(Block 1)(Block 3)(Block 5)
Disk 1(Block 1)(Block 3)(Block 5)
Disk 2(Block 2)(Block 4)(Block 6)
Disk 3(Block 2)(Block 4)(Block 6)
ATX
-Advanced Technology Extended
-One of the motherboard form factors
-Power
–20 pin connector
–24 pin connector, additional 4/8 pin connector
ITX
-Information Technology Extended
-One of the motherboard form factors
-A series of low-power motherboards (small form factor)
-Mini-ITX is screw-compatible w/ ATX
-Single-purpose computing (ie streaming media)
Computer bus
-the method by which data is communicated between all the internal pieces of a computer
Conventional PCI
-Peripheral Component Interconnect
-Extension on a motherboard
-Expansion options
–32 bit and 64 bit bus width
–Parallel communication
-A common expansion interface on previous computer generations - PCI Express replaces it
PCIe
-PCI Express
-Communicates serially
–Unidirectional serial ‘lanes’
–Slower devices don’t slow everyone down
-‘x’ is ‘by’ full duplex lanes
–x1, x2, x4, x8, x16, x32
24-pin motherboard power
-Main motherboard power
-Provides +3.3V, +/-5V, and +/-12V
-20-pin connector was the original ATX Standard (24-pin was added for PCIe power)
4-pin ATX
-ATX 12V motherboards
-Additional 12 volt power for older motherboards (used primarily for CPU)
Headers
-A pin header
–A simple electrical interface
–The connector is attached to a header
-Many different uses: power, peripheral connections, lights, buttons
AMD vs Intel
-Two CPU manufactures
-AMD tends to be more expensive
-Different socket designs per motherboard type
-AMD is value and Intel is performance
Server motherboards
-Multi-socket (supports multiple physical CPU packages/split the load)
-Memory slots (supports 4+ modules)
-Expansion slots (many slots and different sizes)
-Designed for a rack-mounted system
–Larger ATX-sized system
Desktop motherboards
-Range from full-size motherboards to compact or monitor-only systems
-Single CPU
-Memory slots (usually two or four)
-Expansion slots (may have limited options)
Mobile Motherboards
-Laptops (small and light)
-CPUs (limited in speed/thermal throttling)
-Limited system modification (memory, CPU, functionality)
-Portability (smaller devices/low power consumption)
System board
-Proprietary (built to fit)
-Replacement isn’t easy (swap the entire board)
BIOS
-Basic Input/Output System
-Software used to start your computer
–The firmware
–System BIOS, ROM BIOS
–ROM or flash memory
-Initializes CPU and memory
–Build the workplace
-Post (Power-On Self test)
-Look for a boot loader
UEFI BIOS
-Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
-A defined standard and implemented by the manufacturers
-Designed to replace the legacy BIOS
–Graphical and text-based
How to get to BIOS Settings in Windows 8, 10, 11?
-Since Windows does a fast startup (not a full shutdown) you can’t open BIOS config
-From Windows desktop, hold down shift when clicking restart
-Settings/Update and Security/Recovery/Advanced startup/ restart now
-System configuration (ms Config)
-Interrupt normal boot three times - presents the boot option
Boot options
-What happens when you power on
-Disable hardware
-Modify the boot order (what boots first)
USB permissions
-A security challenge (DoD attack in 2008)
–Very small storage device
–Very large capacities
-Convenient and high speed
Fans
-CPU fan
-Chassis fan
-Motherboards often include an integrated fan controller and temp sensor
–Motherboards increase and decrease the fan speeds
Secure Boot
-Part of the UEFI specification
-Digitally sign known-good software
–Cryptographically secure
–Software won’t run without the proper signature
UEFI BIOS Secure Boot
-BIOS includes the manufacture’s public key
-Digital signature is checked during a BIOS update
-BIOS prevents unauthorized write to the flash
-Secure boot verifies the bootloader
–Checks the OS bootloader’s digital signature
-Bootloader must be signed with a trusted cert or a manually approved digital signature
Boot password management
-BIOS password/ user password
-System won’t start without the password
CMOS
-Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
-an onboard, battery-powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information. This information ranges from the system time and date to your computer’s hardware settings.
-Coin battery
-Not needed for today’s flash-based storage
-A bad battery will require a BIOS config on every boot
-On older systems, can reset the BIOS config by removing the battery - newer computers use a jumper
TPM
-Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
-A specification for cryptographic functions
–Hardware to help w/ encryption functions
-Cryptographic processor
-Random number generator, key generators
-Comes w/ unique keys burned in during production
-Versatile memory (storage keys, hardware config info)
-Password protected - no dictionary attacks
Hardware Security Module (HSM)
-Often used in large environments (clusters, redundant power)
-High-end cryptographic hardware (plug-in card or separate hardware device)
-Key backup
–Secured storage for servers
–Lightweight HSMs for personal use (smart card, USB, flash memory)
-Cryptographic accelerators
–Offload that CPU overhead from other devices
ARM
-Advanced RISC Machine
-CPU architecture
-Simplified instruction set - efficient and fast- less power/less heat
-Traditionally used for mobile and IoT but now more universal
Processor core
-Dual-core/Quad-core/Octa-core/Multi-core
-Multiple cores
–Each core has it’s own cache
–The entire chip may have a shared cache
Multithreading
-the ability of a CPU to provide multiple threads of execution concurrently, supported by the operating system
HTT
-Hyper-Threading Technology
-Type of multithreading?
-One CPU, acts like two
-Doesn’t actually work as fast as two
–15-30% performance improvement
-OS must be written for HTT (Windows XP or newer)
Visualization support
-Run other OSs within a single hardware platform
-Virtualization added to the processor
–Hardware is faster and easier to manage
-VT (Virtualization Technology)
-AMD-V
Expansion cards
-Extend the functionality of your computer
Sound card
-Output (high-end audio, advanced headphone amp, home theater)
-Multiple inputs (microphones, podcasting, music capture)
Video Card
-Many CPUs include an integrated GPU
–Video functionality is built into the CPU package
-Discrete graphics
–The GPU is not part of the CPU
Capture card
-Video as an input (video capture, live streaming, external cameras)
-PCIe connection
NIC
-Network Interface card
-Ethernet connection
-a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network
Case fans
-Cool air is pulled through a personal computer
On-board fans
-Designed to cool an entire adapter card
-Bulky - usually seen on high-end graphics cards
Fan specifications
-Standard sizes (80mm, 120mm, 200mm, etc)
-Different speeds - different noise levels
Fan-less/passive cooling
-Used for video servers, TV set top box, satellite receiver, media server
-Heat sinks
Heat sink
-Dissipate heat through thermal conduction (copper or aluminum alloy)
-Pins/grid increase surface area
-Uses thermal paste/pad
Thermal paste
-Thermal grease, conductive grease
-Thermally conductive adhesive
-Used between the heat sink and the component
Thermal pad
-Conducts heat to heat sinks
-Not as effective as thermal paste
-Not resusable
Liquid cooling
-Coolant is circulated through a computer
-Used in high-end systems, gaming, graphics
Computers use which type of voltage?
-DC (direct current) voltage
-Most power sources provide AC voltage
-Convert 120V AC/240V AC to 3.3V DC/5V DC/12V DC
Amp
-Ampere (Amp, A)
-The rate of electron flow past a point in one second
V
-Voltage, volt, V
-Electrical ‘pressure’ pushing the electrons
Power
-Watt (W)
-Measure of real power use
-voltsamps=watts
-120V0.5A=60W
AC
-Alternating current
-Direction of current constantly reverses
-Distributes electricity efficiently over long distances
-Frequency of the cycle is different in different countries
–US/Canada - 110-120 volt of AC (VAC), 60Hz
–Europe - 220-240 VAC, 50 Hz
DC
-Direct current
-Current moves in one direction with a constant V
Dual-voltage input options
-Due to different voltage in different countries, need to manually switch power supply or use an auto-switching power supply
what uses +12V?
-PCIe adapters, hard drive motors, cooling fans, most modern components
What uses +5V?
-Some motherboard components
-Many components are now using +3.3V
What uses +3.3V?
M.2 slots RAM slots, motherboard logic circuits
+5VSB
-Standby voltage
What uses -12V?
-Integrated LAN, older serial ports, some PCI cards
What uses -5V?
-ISA adapter cards (out-of-date tech)
Redundant power supplies
-Two (or more) power supplies
-Internal to the server
-Each power supply can handle 100% of the load which makes it hot-swappable so you can replace a faulty power supply w/o powering down
Fixed connector
-Fixed power supply connector
-Connected to the power supply
-May have too many or not enough connectors
Modular connector
-Modular power supply connector
-Add cables as needed
-Fewer leftover wires, better airflow
-A bit more expensive
MFD
-Multifunction Device
-Printer, scanner, fax, network connection, phone line connection, print from web
Printer drivers
-Specific to a printer model
-Need to correct operating system drivers (Windows 10 vs 11) and correct version of the OS (32-bit vs 64-bit)
PCL
-Printer Command Language
-Created by HP
-Commonly used across the industry
PostScript
-Created by Adobe
-Popular with high end printers
Wired Device Sharing
-USB type B is the most common connector
-USB type B on the printer and USB type A for the computer
-Ethernet - RJ45 connector
Wireless Device Sharing
-Bluetooth
-802.11 infrastructure mode
–many devices using an access point
-802.11 Ad hoc mode
–no access point
–direct link b/t wireless devices
Print share
-Printer connected to a computer
-The computer shares the printer
-Computer needs to be running
Print server
-Print directly to the printer
-Jobs are queued and managed on the printer
-Web-based front-end
Printer Security
-User authentication
-Set rights and permissions
Flatbed scanner
-Different form factors
-All-in-one multifunction device or stand alone flatbed
-May include an ADF (Automatic Document Feeder)
Network Scan Services
-Scan to email
-Scan to folder
–Using SMB (Server Message Block)
–Send to a Microsoft share
-Scan to cloud
–Cloud storage account
–Google Drive, Dropbox, etc
Laser Printer
-Combines a laser, high voltage, charged ions, powdered ink, heat, and paper
-High quality, fast, and complex
Imaging drum
-Used in a laser printer
-Image is drawn onto a photosensitive drum (‘painted’ with a laser)
Fuser assembly
-Part of a laser printer
-Heat and pressure
-Melt plastic toner powder onto paper
Separation pad
-Part of a printer
-Pull just the top sheet from the paper tray
Duplexing assembly
-Part of the printer that ‘flips’ the page for printing on both sides
The laser printing process
- Processing
-Build the entire page in memory - Charging
-Prepare the drum with a negative electrostatic charge - Exposure
-Write the image with the laser - Developing
-Add negatively-charged toner to the imaging drum - Transferring
-Move the toner from the drum to the paper - Fusing
-Heat and pressure - Cleaning
-Remove excess toner
OPC drum
-Organic Photoconductor drum
-Can be part of the toner when replacing a laser printer toner
-Sensitive to light
Inkjet printer
-Ink-dispersion
-In-expensive tech but ink is expensive and proprietary to the brand of printer
-Eventually fades and print head clogs easily
Ink Cartridges
-Place drops of ink onto a page
-CMYK
Carriage and belt
-Part of inkjet printers
Ink cartridges are in the carriage and move over the paper
-Belt moves the carriage back and forth
Thermal printers
-White paper turned black when heated
-Full-length heating element (no moving print head)
-Clean with isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
Impact Printer
-Dot-matrix printer
-Print head with a small matrix of pins and presses against a ribbon to make a mark on purpose
-Good for carbon/multiple copies
-Uses tractor feed
-Not common, noisy, poor graphics
Tractor feed
-Continuous paper feed
-Perforations between pages
-Paper pulled through with holes on the side of the paper
3D Printers
-‘Print’ in 3 dimensions
-Create a 3D item based on an electronic model
FDM printer
-Fused Deposition Modeling
-Filament printing
-Melt filament to print 3D
-Print layer by layer
SLA printer
-Stereolithography 3D printing
-Smooth and finely detailed 3D prints
-Resin is hardened using a light source (UV or laser)
-Layers are added to the bottom (entire print hangs from the build platform - print bed that’s adhesive)
ADF
Automatic Document Feeder
Scanning multiple pages at once
