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CC1 > hapter 2 The Systems Unit:​ Processing and Memory​ > Flashcards

hapter 2 The Systems Unit:​ Processing and Memory​ Flashcards

1
Q

Used to represent data and programs in a manner​
understood by the computer

A

Coding Systems​

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1
Q

Can only understand two states, off and on​
(0 and 1)​

A

Digital Computers​

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2
Q

the process of representing data in digital form so it can be understood by a computer​

A

Digital Data Representation​

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3
Q

The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0)

A

Bit

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4
Q

terminology used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc.
and it equals to 8 bits

A

Byte

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5
Q

Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bytes

A

kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB), zettabyte (ZB), yottabyte (YB).

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6
Q

A way of representing numbers

A

Numbering system

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7
Q

Uses 10 symbols (0-9)

A

Decimal numbering system

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8
Q

Uses only two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all possible numbers

A

Binary numbering system

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9
Q

Coding system traditionally used with personal computers

A

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

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10
Q

Developed by IBM, primarily for
mainframes

A

EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

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11
Q

Universal coding standard designed to represent text-
based data written in any ancient or modern language

Newer code (32 bits per character is common)

Replacing ASCII as the primary text-coding system

A

Unicode

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12
Q

still images such as photos or drawings

A

Graphics Data

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13
Q

Image made of up of a grid of small dots called pixels

A

Bitmapped images

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14
Q

graphic can only be one of two colors

A

Monochrome

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15
Q

Must be in digital form in order to be stored on or processed by a computer

A

Audio Data

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16
Q

Displayed using a collection of frames, each frame contains a still image

A

Video Data

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17
Q

Very small pieces of silicon or other semi-conducting
material onto which integrated circuits are embedded

A

Computer Chip

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18
Q

A thin board containing computer chips and other
electronic components

A

Circuit Board

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19
Q

The main circuit board inside the system unit to which
all devices must connect

A

System Board

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20
Q

monitors, keyboards, mice, printers

A

External devices

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21
Q

e.g., Bluetooth

A

Wireless devices

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22
Q

Connects to the motherboard to deliver electricity (personal computer)

A

Power Supply

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23
Q

Nonremovable batteries more difficult and expensive to replace

A

Portable computers use rechargeable battery pack

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24
Rectangular metal racks inside the system unit that house storage devices Hard drive, CD/DVD drive, flash memory card reader
Drive Bays
25
Processors
Circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard
26
Contains the processing components (cores) of two separate processors on a single CPU
Dual-core CPU Contains the pro
27
Contains four cores
Quad-core CPU
28
Takes care of the processing needed to display images (including still images, animations) on the screen
GPU (graphics processing unit)
29
measurement of processing speed
CPU clock
30
The amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time
Word Size
31
Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU
Cache Memory
32
an electronic path over which data can travel
Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth
32
Refers to chip-based storage located inside the system unit Storage refers to the amount of long-term storage available to a computer
Memory
33
Computer’s main memory Consists of chips arranged on a circuit board called a memory module which are plugged into the motherboard Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and data the computer is currently using
Random Access Memory (RAM)
34
RAM content lost when the computer is shut off
Volatile
35
ROM and flash memory
non-volatile
36
Amount installed depends on the CPU and operating system being used
Amount installed depends on the CPU and operating system being used
37
non-volatile RAM under development
MRAM and PRAM
38
High-speed memory built into the CPU Used to store data and intermediary results during processing Fastest type of memory
Registers
38
Non-volatile chips located on the motherboard into which data or programs have been permanently stored
ROM (read-only memory)
39
Nonvolatile memory chips that can be used for storage Have begun to replace ROM for storing system information Now stores firmware for personal computers and other devices Built into many types of devices (media tablets, mobile phones, and digital cameras) for user storage
Flash Memory
39
used on most personal computers to help cool the CPU and system unit
Fans
40
Small components typically made out of aluminum with fins that help to dissipate heat
Heat Sinks
41
Cool the computer with liquid-filled tubes
Liquid cooling systems
42
Hardware is actually submerged into units filled with a liquid cooling solution
Immersion cooling
43
Cools the underside of a notebook computer
Notebook cooling stand
44
A location on the motherboard into which expansion cards are inserted
Expansion Slot
45
A circuit board inserted into an expansion slot Used to add additional functionality or to attach a peripheral device
Expansion Card
46
Designed to add additional functionality to notebooks
ExpressCard Modules
47
An electronic path within a computer over which data travels Located within the CPU and etched onto the motherboard
Bus
48
Connects the CPU to peripheral (typically input and output) devices
Expansion Bus
49
Connects CPU directly to RAM
Memory Bus
50
Connects CPU to the chipset that connects the CPU to the rest of the bus architecture
Frontside Bus (FSB)
51
Today, PCI Express bus, which is extremely fast, has replaced the ------
PCI and PCI Express Bus
52
Extremely versatile Allows 127 different devices to connect to a computer via a single USB port
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
53
Developed by Apple to connect multimedia devices to a computer
FireWire Bus
54
A connector on the exterior of a computer’s system unit to which a device may be attached
Port
55
Typical desktop computer ports include
Power connector, Firewire, VGA monitor, Network, USB, Audio, and HDMI
56
Used to help with tablet productivity Some are just a stand Many include a keyboard Some include ports (USB, monitor, etc.) to connect peripherals Some contain a battery
Tablet Docks
57
Consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
58
Key element of the microprocessor
Transistor
59
In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors per square inch on chips had doubled every two years and that trend would continue Moore’s Law is still relevant today for processors as well as other computer components
Moore’s Law
60
Performs arithmetic involving integers and logical operations
Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
61
Performs decimal arithmetic
Floating Point Unit (FPU)
62
Coordinates and controls activities within a CPU core
Control Unit
63
Attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are needed for processing in order to avoid delays
Prefetch Unit
64
Translates instructions from the prefetch unit so they are understood by the control unit, ALU, and FPU
Decode Unit
65
Store data and instructions needed by the CPU
Registers and Internal Cache Memory
66
Allows the core to communicate with other CPU components
Bus Interface Unit
67
Typical CPU Components
Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) Floating Point Unit (FPU) Control Unit Prefetch Unit Decode Unit Registers and Internal Cache Memory Bus Interface Unit
68
Small quartz crystal on the motherboard Timing mechanism within the computer system that synchronizes the computer’s operations
69
one million ticks of the system clock
One megahertz
70
The series of operations involved in the execution of a single machine level instruction
Machine Cycle
71
Machine Cycle
Fetch Decode Execute Store
72
Improving the Performance of Your System Today
Add more memory Perform system maintenance Buy a larger or second hard drive Upgrade your Internet connection Upgrade your video graphics card
73
Perform system maintenance
Uninstall programs properly Remove unnecessary programs from the Startup list Consider placing large files not needed on a regular basis on external storage Delete temporary files Error check and defrag the hard drive periodically Scan for viruses and spyware continually Clean out dust once or twice a year
74
Smaller components, faster bus speeds, multiple CPU cores, support for virtualization
Improved Architecture
75
Flexible electronic components – Copper, high-k, graphene chip
Improved Materials
76
Flexible electronic components
Copper, high-k, graphene chip
77
Allows multiple instructions to be processed at one time
Pipelining
78
Use multiple processors to speed up processing
Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing
79
The science of creating tiny computers and components less than 100 nanometers in size
Nanotechnology
80
MIT has developed nano-sized conical patterns on the surface of glass to eliminated its reflective properties Glass resists fogging and is self-cleaning
“Magic” Glass
81
possible uses of magic glass
Smartphone screens Eyeglasses TVs Car windshieds Building windows
82
Applies the principles of quantum physics and quantum mechanics to computers
Quantum Computing
83
Uses light, from laser beams or infrared beams, to perform digital computations
Optical Computing
84
The process of making optical devices using silicon manufacturing techniques
Silicon Photonics
85
The ability to process one trillion floating-point operations per second (teraflops)
Tera-Scale Computing
86
Contain transistors that are layered to cut down on the surface area required Created by layering individual silicon wafers on top of one another Being used with memory, flash memory, and CPUs
3D Chips
87

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