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CC1 > hapter 2 The Systems Unit:​ Processing and Memory​ > Flashcards

hapter 2 The Systems Unit:​ Processing and Memory​ Flashcards

1
Q

Used to represent data and programs in a manner​
understood by the computer

A

Coding Systems​

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1
Q

Can only understand two states, off and on​
(0 and 1)​

A

Digital Computers​

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2
Q

the process of representing data in digital form so it can be understood by a computer​

A

Digital Data Representation​

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3
Q

The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0)

A

Bit

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4
Q

terminology used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc.
and it equals to 8 bits

A

Byte

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5
Q

Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bytes

A

kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB), zettabyte (ZB), yottabyte (YB).

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6
Q

A way of representing numbers

A

Numbering system

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7
Q

Uses 10 symbols (0-9)

A

Decimal numbering system

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8
Q

Uses only two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all possible numbers

A

Binary numbering system

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9
Q

Coding system traditionally used with personal computers

A

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

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10
Q

Developed by IBM, primarily for
mainframes

A

EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

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11
Q

Universal coding standard designed to represent text-
based data written in any ancient or modern language

Newer code (32 bits per character is common)

Replacing ASCII as the primary text-coding system

A

Unicode

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12
Q

still images such as photos or drawings

A

Graphics Data

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13
Q

Image made of up of a grid of small dots called pixels

A

Bitmapped images

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14
Q

graphic can only be one of two colors

A

Monochrome

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15
Q

Must be in digital form in order to be stored on or processed by a computer

A

Audio Data

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16
Q

Displayed using a collection of frames, each frame contains a still image

A

Video Data

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17
Q

Very small pieces of silicon or other semi-conducting
material onto which integrated circuits are embedded

A

Computer Chip

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18
Q

A thin board containing computer chips and other
electronic components

A

Circuit Board

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19
Q

The main circuit board inside the system unit to which
all devices must connect

A

System Board

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20
Q

monitors, keyboards, mice, printers

A

External devices

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21
Q

e.g., Bluetooth

A

Wireless devices

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22
Q

Connects to the motherboard to deliver electricity (personal computer)

A

Power Supply

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23
Q

Nonremovable batteries more difficult and expensive to replace

A

Portable computers use rechargeable battery pack

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24
Q

Rectangular metal racks inside the system unit that house storage devices

Hard drive, CD/DVD drive, flash memory card reader

A

Drive Bays

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25
Q

Processors

A

Circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard

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26
Q

Contains the processing components (cores) of two separate processors on a single CPU

A

Dual-core CPU
Contains the pro

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27
Q

Contains four cores

A

Quad-core CPU

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28
Q

Takes care of the processing needed to display images (including still images, animations) on the screen

A

GPU (graphics processing unit)

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29
Q

measurement of processing speed

A

CPU clock

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30
Q

The amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time

A

Word Size

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31
Q

Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU

A

Cache Memory

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32
Q

an electronic path over which data can travel

A

Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth

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32
Q

Refers to chip-based storage located inside the system unit

Storage refers to the amount of long-term storage
available to a computer

A

Memory

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33
Q

Computer’s main memory

Consists of chips arranged on a circuit board called a memory module which are plugged into the motherboard

Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and data the computer is currently using

A

Random Access Memory (RAM)

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34
Q

RAM content lost when the computer is shut off

A

Volatile

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35
Q

ROM and flash memory

A

non-volatile

36
Q

Amount installed depends on the CPU and operating system being used

A

Amount installed depends on the CPU and operating system being used

37
Q

non-volatile RAM under development

A

MRAM and PRAM

38
Q

High-speed memory built into the CPU

Used to store data and intermediary results during
processing

Fastest type of memory

A

Registers

38
Q

Non-volatile chips located on the motherboard into which data or programs have been permanently stored

A

ROM (read-only memory)

39
Q

Nonvolatile memory chips that can be used for storage

Have begun to replace ROM for storing system
information

Now stores firmware for personal computers and other devices

Built into many types of devices (media tablets, mobile phones, and digital cameras) for user storage

A

Flash Memory

39
Q

used on most personal computers to help cool the CPU and system unit

A

Fans

40
Q

Small components typically made out of aluminum with
fins that help to dissipate heat

A

Heat Sinks

41
Q

Cool the computer with liquid-filled tubes

A

Liquid cooling systems

42
Q

Hardware is actually submerged into units filled with a liquid cooling solution

A

Immersion cooling

43
Q

Cools the underside of a notebook computer

A

Notebook cooling stand

44
Q

A location on the motherboard into which expansion
cards are inserted

A

Expansion Slot

45
Q

A circuit board inserted into an expansion slot

Used to add additional functionality or to attach a peripheral device

A

Expansion Card

46
Q

Designed to add additional functionality to notebooks

A

ExpressCard Modules

47
Q

An electronic path within a computer over which data travels
Located within the CPU and etched onto the motherboard

A

Bus

48
Q

Connects the CPU to peripheral (typically input and output)
devices

A

Expansion Bus

49
Q

Connects CPU directly to RAM

A

Memory Bus

50
Q

Connects CPU to the chipset that connects the CPU to the rest of the bus architecture

A

Frontside Bus (FSB)

51
Q

Today, PCI Express bus, which is extremely fast, has
replaced the ——

A

PCI and PCI Express Bus

52
Q

Extremely versatile

Allows 127 different devices to connect to a computer via a single USB port

A

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

53
Q

Developed by Apple to connect multimedia devices to a computer

A

FireWire Bus

54
Q

A connector on the exterior of a computer’s system unit to which a device may be attached

A

Port

55
Q

Typical desktop computer ports include

A

Power connector, Firewire, VGA monitor, Network, USB, Audio, and HDMI

56
Q

Used to help with tablet productivity

Some are just a stand
Many include a keyboard

Some include ports (USB, monitor, etc.) to connect peripherals

Some contain a battery

A

Tablet Docks

57
Q

Consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together

A

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

58
Q

Key element of the microprocessor

A

Transistor

59
Q

In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors per square inch on chips had doubled every two years and that trend would continue

Moore’s Law is still relevant today for processors as well as other computer components

A

Moore’s Law

60
Q

Performs arithmetic involving integers and logical
operations

A

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)

61
Q

Performs decimal arithmetic

A

Floating Point Unit (FPU)

62
Q

Coordinates and controls activities within a CPU core

A

Control Unit

63
Q

Attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are needed for processing in order to avoid delays

A

Prefetch Unit

64
Q

Translates instructions from the prefetch unit so they are understood by the control unit, ALU, and FPU

A

Decode Unit

65
Q

Store data and instructions needed by the CPU

A

Registers and Internal Cache Memory

66
Q

Allows the core to communicate with other CPU components

A

Bus Interface Unit

67
Q

Typical CPU Components

A

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
Floating Point Unit (FPU)
Control Unit
Prefetch Unit
Decode Unit
Registers and Internal Cache Memory
Bus Interface Unit

68
Q

Small quartz crystal on the motherboard

Timing mechanism within the computer system that
synchronizes the computer’s operations

A
69
Q

one million ticks of the system clock

A

One megahertz

70
Q

The series of operations involved in the execution of a single machine level instruction

A

Machine Cycle

71
Q

Machine Cycle

A

Fetch
Decode
Execute
Store

72
Q

Improving the Performance of Your System Today

A

Add more memory

Perform system maintenance

Buy a larger or second hard drive

Upgrade your Internet connection

Upgrade your video graphics card

73
Q

Perform system maintenance

A

Uninstall programs properly
Remove unnecessary programs from the Startup list
Consider placing large files not needed on a regular basis on external storage
Delete temporary files
Error check and defrag the hard drive periodically
Scan for viruses and spyware continually
Clean out dust once or twice a year

74
Q

Smaller components, faster bus speeds, multiple CPU cores, support for virtualization

A

Improved Architecture

75
Q

Flexible electronic components
– Copper, high-k, graphene chip

A

Improved Materials

76
Q

Flexible electronic components

A

Copper, high-k, graphene chip

77
Q

Allows multiple instructions to be processed at one time

A

Pipelining

78
Q

Use multiple processors to speed up processing

A

Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing

79
Q

The science of creating tiny computers and components less than 100 nanometers in size

A

Nanotechnology

80
Q

MIT has developed nano-sized conical patterns on the surface of glass to eliminated its reflective properties

Glass resists fogging and is self-cleaning

A

“Magic” Glass

81
Q

possible uses of magic glass

A

Smartphone screens
Eyeglasses
TVs
Car windshieds
Building windows

82
Q

Applies the principles of quantum physics and quantum mechanics to computers

A

Quantum Computing

83
Q

Uses light, from laser beams or infrared beams, to perform digital computations

A

Optical Computing

84
Q

The process of making optical devices using silicon manufacturing techniques

A

Silicon Photonics

85
Q

The ability to process one trillion floating-point operations per second (teraflops)

A

Tera-Scale Computing

86
Q

Contain transistors that are layered to cut down on the surface area required

Created by layering individual silicon wafers on top of one another

Being used with memory, flash memory, and CPUs

A

3D Chips

87
Q
A

CC1 (1 decks)

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