HAPA 2000 EXAM 2

Question 1

What is “Sarcopenia”

Answer 1

Age related loss of muscle mass and strength

Question 2

What happens at age 45?

Answer 2

10% loss of muscle mass and strength per decade. (30% per decade after 75)

Question 3

Risk factors for Satcopenia

Answer 3

Obesity (sarcopenia obesity)

Question 4

Osteoarthritis

Answer 4

What is joint stiffness/difficulty moving

Question 5

Maximum bone density (mid to late 30s)

Answer 5

-progressive loss after that ; accelerates after age 50
-bone loss twice as high in women
-bones break more easily and heal more slowly

Question 6

What is Osteoporosis

Answer 6

Characterized by low bone mass , deterioration of bone tissue
- leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture ( broken bones: hips, spine, wrists and shoulders)

Question 7

Fractures from osteoporosis is more common then heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer combined

Answer 7

-at least 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men will suffer from an osteoporotic fracture
>25% who suffer a hip fracture die within a year

Question 8

Risk factors for Osteoporosis

Answer 8

Deficiencies in:
-calcium
-Vitamin D
- Estrogen
-Lack of exercise
-associated with Aboriginal statue
-Low household incomes
-Alcohol consumption
-nutritions
-low BMI
-Higher risk in women

Question 9

Preventing Osteoporosis

Answer 9

Building and maintaining bone mass requires a combination of nutrients and exercise
-Getting adequate calcium in your diet
-Doing weight-bearing exercise
For Example:
-Resistance training stimulates bone formation and retention of calcium
-Coordination and balance exercises can also decrease risk of falling

Question 10

Cardiovascular System

Answer 10

High blood pressure and cholesterol increase risk of heart disease and stroke. Fatty deposits and scar tissue accumulate in blood vessels-reduce blood flow to organs, including heart and brain

Question 11

Cholesterol accumulates on walls

Answer 11

-LDL cholesterol (bad) ; HDL (good)
-When HDL high and LDL low, risk of CVD lower
Hypertension problematic for women - BP increases after menopause

Question 12

Respiratory System

Answer 12

Little change in lung capacity through most of mid adulthood. At age 55 protein in lung tissue becomes less elastic
-This, combined with stiffening of chest wall, decreases lungs’ capacity to transport oxygen
Smokers see dramatic declines in lung capacity

Question 13

Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 13

Hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance

Question 14

Metabolic syndrome 2

Answer 14

Often leads to development of diabetes and CVD. Associated with increased risk of early death (especially when individuals have high blood pressure and high glucose combined with low HDL or high triglycerides)

Question 15

Sleep problems more common in those who:
(Poor sleep in middle adulthood)

Answer 15

-Use prescription and non-prescription drugs
-Have CVD
-are depressed

Question 16

Other risk factors for poor sleep in middle adulthood

Answer 16

Poor sleep is a risk factor for falls, obesity, and earlier death, and linked to lower levels of cognitive functioning.

Question 17

Sleep Apnea: A serious sleep disorder

Answer 17

A temporary cessation of breathing that occurs when the airways becomes blocked (occurs repeatedly during sleep)
-literally stops breathing during sleep
Sleep apnea associated with hypertension, CVD, obesity , depression, and also cancer

Question 18

Stress and Disease

Answer 18

Stress linked to disease though immune system and CVD

Question 19

1.the Immune system and stress

Answer 19

-immune system keeps us healthy by recognizing foreign material (bacteria, viruses, tumours) and destroying them (via white blood cells)
-# white blood cells and their effectiveness related to stress

Question 20

2.stress and the cardiovascular system

Answer 20

-chronic emotional stress associated with high blood pressure, heart diseases, and early death
-Surge in adrenaline caused by severe emotional stress causes blood to clot more rapidly
-blood clotting major factors in heart attacks

Question 21

Biological Theories of Aging

Answer 21

1. Cellular clock Theory
   -Hayflick’s (1977) theory that cells can divide a maximum about 75-80 times
   -As we age, our cells become less capable of dividing
   -On basis of way cells divide, Hayflick places that upper limit of the human life span at about 120 years

Question 22

Telomere and aging

Answer 22

Research shows that Telomeres, which are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes, may be responsible for age limit
-Each time a cell divides telomeres reduced so much that cells can no longer reproduce
-After 70-80 divides, telomeres reduced so much that cell can no longer reproduce
Injecting enzymes telomeres into human cells grown in lab can extend life of cells
-However: telomeres presents in cancerous cells
Research now looking at gene therapies that inhibit telomeres and kill cancerous cells while keeping heathy calls alive.

Question 23

Free-Radical Theory

Answer 23

-People age because inside their cells normal metabolic produces unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals)
-Free radicals ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures (“oxidative damage”)
-Damage can lead to a range of disorders, including cancer and arthritis
-Overreacting and smoking linked to increased in free radicals

Question 24

Mitochondrial Theory

Answer 24

-Aging due to deca of mitochondria (tiny bodies in cells hat provide energy for function, growth and repair)
>decay due to oxidative damage (i.e. free radicals) and loss of micronutrients provided by cells
-Resultes is the mitochondria become inefficient
>can’t generate enough energy to meet cellular needs
> Leads to disease (CVD, dementia, decline in liver functioning)

Question 25

How can mitochondrial efficiency be preserved?

Answer 25

Exercise

Question 26

Hormonal Stress Theory

Answer 26

-Aging in body’s hormonal systems may lower resilience to stress & increase likelihood od disease
-With age, stress hormones that flow though the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system remain elevated longer
-Prolonged, elevated levels of stress-related hormones are associated with increased risks for many diseases
>CVD, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension
-Decline in immune functioning with age increases risk of infectious disease
-Exercise can improve immune system functioning

Question 27

The Aging Brain

Answer 27

Decreases in brain weight and volume with age. Pre-frontal cortex shrinks considerably
-linked to decrease in working memory
Functions of CNS slows down
-Reflexes start to disappear, slower at retrieving information from memory