HAP - Kidneys up to 48 mins on lecture capture but oh so dull.... Flashcards
Name the 3 main parts of the urinary system…
Kidneys (renal organs as part of the urinary system)
Bladder
Adrenal glands
[REVISE THE DRAINAGE OF BLOOD AND THE CYCLE OF THE RENAL SYSTEM]
Why is the rib cage situated in front of the kidneys?
For protection - the kidneys are SO necessary as they are involved in every process in the body - one of the most important organs. A CORE ORGAN.
NOTE the inferior vena cava is identifiable as a VEIN because of its thinness compared to the descending AORTA which is larger.
Anatomy of kidneys - position and relations…[a transverse cross section]
Why do we have peri-renal fat?
Peri-renal fat - provides insulation and protection (eg from a rabbit punch!!)
kidneys sit outside of the peri-tineal cavity (the blue line in the diagram).
Retro = behind.
Why are the kidneys slightly difference in shape?
Because the position of the liver on the right side of the body needs to make room so is forced into a different position.
The left kidney shape is slightly different (squished) due to the spleen.
Bottom two ribs protect the kidneys.
The ureters are not protected.
What does caudal mean?
Towards the tail [down toward the toes]
What is the hilus?
(sp?)
The ureter is connected to the kidneys by the hilus.
” the point at which the stem inserts”
- The point at which the stem punctures a kidney bean.
- The point at which the ureter punctures the kidney.
- The point at which the oesophagus the diaphragm.
Name the 5 layers of the muscles involved with peristalsis and the specialist tissue which lines it…..
Muscularis
Circular
Longitudinal muscle layer
Mucosa
Sub mucosal
Uro epithelial (uro - easily replaced) used to pump urine down to the bladder.
Where are the kidneys situated in relation to the spinal veterbrae?
Around L2 - T12
remember there re 2 x 2’s!!! —–L2 and T12
Lower end of thoracic and upper end of lumbar.
What is the main function of the ureters?
They carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
How long are the ureters?
They are approx 25cm long.
What makes up the lining of the ureters?
Smooth muscle lined with uro-epi-thelium
What are the common layers of the ureter? And where else can we find these layers?
Common layers found in the ureters are:
transitional epithelium (lines the lumen and is innermost layer)
Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia (outermost layer)
Peristalsis pumps urine into the bladder.
These muscles are also found in the GI tract.
How do the ureters pump urine into the bladder?
Peristalsis pumps urine into the bladder.
How long is a ureter?
And which muscle is it lined with?
Around 25cm long and straight down, lined with uro epi thelium
Major components of the human kidney
Medulla
Pelvis
Hilum
Cortex
Ureter
Define the medulla?
Individual lobes within the kidney (triangle)
There is species variation according to their structure.
The main function of the medulla is to regulate concentration of the urine. The urine flows from the collecting ducts into the renal calyces and pelvis, which undergoes unidirectional peristaltic movements to allow drainage of the urine into the downstream ureter and bladder.
KNow the blood supply to the kidneys STEPS
[insert pic from slides]
Nephrons are where the functioning begins….
Names are according to where they are positioned.
Know which lobes are holding which lobes.
Blood vessels get smaller the closer they get to the centre of the kidney - this is so that waste is PUSHED out with pressure from being in a smaller space.
Drainage
[pic here]
collecting ducts drain through an entire pyramid and drain into minor calyx
(approx 20-25) into major calyx
Why do we have millions of nephrons?
Back up!! They have a lot of work to do.
They are the renal version of the alveoli!
Nephrons are little blood vessels that push out stuff into the Bowman’s capsule which drains into the collecting ducts.
Label the diagram
Name the 6 major components of the human kidney
Medulla
Pelvis
Hilum
Cortex
Capsule
Ureter
Pinpoint the following in the diagram:
Diaphragm
Kidney
Inferior vena cava
Adrenals
Descending aorta
The main blood supply to the kidneys is:
The abdominal aorta
Paired arteries and renal arteries pair with each side
(????)
Blood into kidneys - reduces blood volume by urinating water and then this lowers blood volume and blood pressure.
Blood supply to the kidneys…..
Name the two types of nephrons
Cortical nephron - crosses the border of the cortex and the medulla. The location effects the length of the Loops of Henle.
Juxtamedullary nephron - close to the medulla
Drainage of the kidneys
Which two systems help the kidneys maintain a balance with blood composition, blood pressure, solutes and drug metabolism?
Two major pathways:
Hypothalamaus responds and produces ADH in posterior pituitary.
or
Kidneys release renin which goes through the RAS to convert angiotensin 1 or angiotensin 2.
Angiotensin 1 =
Angiotensin 2 =
Renin travels through the system to the adrenal glands, this releases aldosterone in the collecting ducts which then changes the sodium absorption which makes the blood more or less salty and in turn this takes in more or less water.
