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John Norman > Handbook of Tactics > Flashcards

Handbook of Tactics Flashcards

0
Q

13 point acronym of size-up is ________________.

A

Construction
Occupancy
Apparatus and Manpower
Life hazard

Water supply
Auxiliary appliances
Street conditions

Weather
Exposures
Area
Location and extent of the fire
Time
Height
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1
Q

The most basic principle of firefighting is that _____________ takes precedence over all other concerns.

A

human life

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2
Q

Any occupancy that is subject to CADS hazard display should be __________________.

A

inspected annually.

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3
Q

The 20-min rule applies to ______________ and _______________, and only these two types of construction.

A

Class 3 - Ordinary Construction

Class 5 - Wood Frame

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4
Q

Class 2 (non-combustible), are the __________________ in terms of collapse when exposed to fire.

A

least stable

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5
Q

Class 3 (ordinary construction): this is how the majority of ______________ are made.

A

brick buildings

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6
Q

Class 3 ordinary construction consists of masonry or other noncombustible walls with a _______________.

A

2hr fire resistance rating.

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7
Q

Class 4 (heavy timber) interior columns, beams, and girders are ___________, and the floors and roofs are of _______________.

A

heavy timber (min 8x8), heavy planks (min 3x6)

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8
Q

In theory 1 gallon of water will provide sufficient cooling to quench approx _________ at the average rate of surface burning.

A

5lbs of fuel

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9
Q

Most residential rooms have a fire load of ______________.

A

5 lbs per sqft.

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10
Q

The method of attack most often used in the free burning stage is the ________________, which initially consists of sweeping the ceiling with the stream in a side-to-side or clockwise circular motion. This ceiling level attack is only done for __________ seconds.

A

combination method, 5-10

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11
Q

The _______________ violently disturbs the thermal balance , rendering this method unsuitable for interior firefighting in occupied buildings.

A

indirect method

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12
Q

Disadvantages of a combination attack include putting members within an extremely ____________, and that it requires ____________ to develop a high degree of proficiency.

A

hostile enviorment, live-fire training

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13
Q

Each gallon of water can expand to _____________ gallons of steam when fully vaporized.

A

1,500-2,000

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14
Q

Basic requirements for an indirect attack:

  1. __________ conditions throughout the area.
  2. Limited _________ of the fire area.
  3. A point on the perimeter in which to make a small opening for the injection of a _________ into the superheated atmosphere.
A
  1. High heat
  2. ventilation
  3. 30 degree fog pattern
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15
Q

4 Key requirements for an indirect attack:

  1. No __________
  2. _________ ventilation
  3. High _______
  4. Limited size of the _______________
A
  1. Occupants
  2. Limited
  3. heat
  4. potential fire area

**(NOT NEED SUFFICIENT VENTILATION)**

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16
Q

Disadvantages of the indirect attack method:

  1. It cannot be used in an ______________.
  2. The presence of ventilation openings will _______ the effect of the stream.
  3. A discharge of less than the ______________ can push fire ahead of the stream, an effect that may not be observed from the outside.
  4. It isn’t possible to view the interior layout until you have ____________ of the situation.
  5. Using the indirect method can increase ________________.
A
  1. occupied building
  2. dilute
  3. critical volume
  4. gained control
  5. water damage
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17
Q

In this day of modern breathing apparatus, what are the two only things that should prevent a hose-line’s advance?

  1. ______
  2. ______
A
  1. Heat

2. Flame

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18
Q

Water absorbs about _________ per gal when raised from ____ to completely vaporized.

A

9,725 BTU’s, 70*F

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19
Q

What are the 3 characteristics to selecting hose lines?

A
  1. Need for speed
  2. Relatively low fire loading
  3. Presence of dividing walls or partitions between rooms
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20
Q

The building’s __________, ___________, and ___________ from the street all serve to indicate the length of hoseline to use.

A

Height, Area and Setback

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21
Q

As a rule of thumb, what is maximum length of a preconnect if you want to flow 125 gpm?

A

4 lengths (200 feet) of 1 1/2” hose

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22
Q

As a rule of thumb, what is maximum length of a preconnect if you want to flow 150 gpm?

A

6 lengths of 1 3/4” hose

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23
Q

As a rule of thumb, what is maximum length of a preconnect if you want to flow 190 gpm?

A

6 lengths 2” hose

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24
Q

In deciding where to position the hoseline, remember the following priorities:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Protect human life
  2. Confine the fire
  3. Extinguish the fire
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25
Q

When making a decision about whether to commit the first line to interior operations or to act as an exposure protection line, a number of items must be considered.

  1. 2.
    3.
A
  1. Extent of the fire
  2. Attack capability of the unit
  3. Regarding exposures: construction of the buildings, particularly the exterior siding.
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26
Q

Barring direct-flame contact, the most severe threat is from _________, which travels in straight lines.

A

radiant heat

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27
Q

___________ is the greatest protection from radiant heat.

A

Distance

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28
Q

3 things the nozzle does to water:

  1. ___________ the amount of water flowing past the opening from zero flow through wide open.
  2. It increases the ___________ of the water flowing through the hose.
  3. It gives the stream __________.
A
  1. Regulates
  2. velocity
  3. shape
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29
Q

No nozzle should have an opening greater than _____________ of its supply.

A

half the diameter

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30
Q

_________________ nozzles are usually designed to deliver a specified gallonage when the nozzle pressure is 100 psi.

A

Constant Gallonage

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31
Q

A new twist to the constant-flow nozzle that is en vogue is the _______________ nozzle.

A

low-pressure fog

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32
Q

Low-pressure fog nozzles deliver their rated flows at either ____ or ____ psi.

A

50 or 75 psi

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33
Q

As a rule of thumb, if one person can control a 1 3/4” or 2” handline, the __________________________.

A

line isnt delivering its designed flow.

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34
Q

What is an extremely expanded (400;1 up to 1,000:1 ratio) solution of water and detergeant?

A

High-Ex

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35
Q

Fog nozzles generally only cause a ____ or _____ expansion of most foam solutions.

A

2:1 or 3:1

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36
Q

What does CAFS stand for?

A

Commercial Compressed Air Foam System

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37
Q

For CAFS use, _________________ is usually used in a range of 0.3%-0.6%, or 3-6 gallons of concentrate for every 1,000 gallons of water used, as opposed to 3%-6% for ___________________.

A

Class A Concentrate, Class B Foams.

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38
Q

1 cubic foot of water weighs about ______ and is equal to about _____ gallons.

A

62.5 lbs, 7.5 gallons

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39
Q

The pressure in a confined body of water at rest is the ______________.

A

same at all points.

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40
Q

When and no-flow condition occurs in water mains, its referred to as _________ pressure.

A

static

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41
Q

The pressure of a fluid in an open container is proportional to its ______.

A

depth.

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42
Q

For every 1ft of height that the water rises, it exerts ______ psi of force which is known as _____________.

A

.434, Head pressure.

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43
Q

The pressure of water in an open container is independent of the _______ and _______ of the container and depends solely on the _______.

A

shape and volume, depth.

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44
Q

The weight of the air above us is equivalent to the pressure exerted by ____ ft of water or _______ psi.

A

33.9, 14.7 psi

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45
Q

When drafting from an open topped source, the _____________, actually pushes the water up through the suction hose to the intake of the pump.

A

weight of the air above us,

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46
Q

Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted ________ throughout that fluid.

A

equally

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47
Q

The most common resistance to flow is __________, which results from the interaction of the water moving through the hose.

A

friction loss

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48
Q

At low flows, there is almost no turbulence, and all of the water molecules move along quite smoothly which is known as ____________.

A

Laminar flow.

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49
Q

Friction loss is also related to the ___________________- the larger the diameter of the hose, the less the __________ for the same flow.

A

Diameter of the hose, friction loss.

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50
Q

Low residual pressures are most commonly encountered when ______________ is used with 2 1/2” or 3” hose as supply lines.

A

in-line pumping

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51
Q

All Class A pumpers discharge their maximum flow at ____ psi.

A

150

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52
Q

Standard Class A pumpers are rated to deliver their maximum volume of water at ____ psi, 70% at ____ psi and only 50% at _____ psi.

A

150 psi, 200 psi, 250 psi

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53
Q

Solid tips only require ___ psi nozzle pressure for master streams vs. ___ psi for a fog tip

A

80 psi, 100 psi

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54
Q

A standard sprinkler operating at 100 psi flow is discharging _______ gpm, the same flow as 1 1/2” Navy fog nozzle.

A

55-60 gpm

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55
Q

What 3 factors remove the fresh air layer often seen at sprinkler fires?

A
  • increased CO
  • sinking fire gases
  • smoke being pushed down
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56
Q

The ______________ system consists of an automatic detection system coupled to an automatic dry-pipe system.

A

pre-action sprinkler

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57
Q

Pre-action systems are often installed over very expensive ____________ that could be damaged by a water leak.

A

electronic equipment

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58
Q

what system involved perforated piping running along the ceiling of cellars and out to a siamese connection at the street level?

A

Non-automatic system

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59
Q

What is the most common type of sprinkler control?

A

OS&Y

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60
Q

Manual dry standpipe systems are often found in ______________, where they are subject to vandalism.

A

public parking garages

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61
Q

Where freezing weather makes the installation of wet standpipes impractical, a better alternative to the normal dry standpipe is the __________________, which has a deluge-type valve connected to a set of _________________ at each hose station.

A

semiautomatic dry system, manual pull boxes

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62
Q

What standpipe is not desirable from a fire dept point of view secondary to the need to bleed the pressurized air out through the nozzle?

A

Automatic dry standpipe

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63
Q

What standpipe system is designed for building occupants to control minor fires until the fire dept arrives and are provided with 1 1/2” hose with with either an open tip or fog nozzle?

A

Class II standpipe system

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64
Q

What standpipe system is designed to allow a dept to use heavy hose streams as well as provide first-aid hose for occupant use prior to the arrival of the dept.

A

Class III standpipe system

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65
Q

NFPA 14 permits up to _____ psi at 2 1/2” outlets but still allow ____ psi as the min pressure.

A

175 psi, 100 psi

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66
Q

After 1993 the NFPA recognized the weakness and boosted the maximum allowable pressure at a 2 1/2” outlet to ____ psi so that you may be able to operate 1 1/2” streams.

A

175 psi

67
Q

As a rule of thumb ___________ buildings can be estimated as 9 feet from floor to floor.

A

Residential

68
Q

___________ buildings can be estimated at 12 feet from floor to floor.

A

Comercial

69
Q

The floor height, depending on type of structure, can be added to the average window sill height of ___ ft above the floor, plus a window height of ___ ft, and you can begin to estimate the required length of your ladder.

A

3ft, 4ft

70
Q

The proper climbing angle for a portable ladder is about ___ degrees.

A

70

71
Q

A quick estimate of the working height, divided by ___, gives the approx location to place the butt of the ladder away from the building.

A

4

ex. 12 divided by 4 = 3ft from structure for residential

72
Q

Aerial ladders should always be extended at least ___ rungs over the roof line to make them easier to find in darkness and smoke, as well as easier to mount and dismount onto the roof.

A

5

73
Q

________, in a broad sense, may be considered as any action taken to expose hidden fire and ensure is extinguishment.

A

Overhaul

74
Q

____________________ is a less hurried, more detailed examination for the slightest bit of remaining fire.

A

Post-control overhauling

75
Q

By far, the most efficient way to remove lock cylinders is to use the ______, which was specifically designed for the task.

A

K Tool

76
Q

Key cylinders come in the following three styles:

A
  1. square shaft
  2. flat shaft (screwdriver)
  3. cam
77
Q

Most store fronts erected since the 1960’s have aluminum framing for the plate-glass windows and doors which are called _____________ and are almost always equipped with a pivoting deadbolt lock.

A

narrow-stile doors (a stile is the frame of the door not the style or type of door)

78
Q

A __________ lock has a bolt throw of ____ inch or more to engage the jam.

A

mortise, 1 1/4 inch

79
Q

Another device that indicates the use of through-the-lock forcible entry is the _______.

A

fox lock

80
Q

The fox lock is readily identifiable by a ________________ in the center of the door that shields the lock cylinder.

A

rectangular steel plate

81
Q

Electrical gates pose difficulties and may ______________.

A

have to be cut open.

82
Q

High-security padlocks have bows of casehardened steel at least ____ thick.

A

3/8”

83
Q

A fan blowing IN can move almost ______ the volume of smoke as compared to the negative mode.

A

twice

84
Q

What are the two types of old-style flat roofs?

A

Standard flat roof

Inverted roof

85
Q
  • the main roof joists are right at the roof level, with the roof boards nailed directly to the joists.
A

Standard flat roof

86
Q
  • the roof boards are nailed to a framework of 2x4’s, raised several feet above the main roof joist.
A

Inverted roof

87
Q

The style of roof that has become dominant in the flat-roof industry in the last 20 yrs, at least in the East and Midwest, is the _____________.

A

metal deck roof.

88
Q

3 styles of flat roof are:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Standard flat roof
  2. Inverted flat roof
  3. Metal deck roof
89
Q

The ________ is the simplest, fastest type of examination hole possible.

A

kerf cut

90
Q

the kerf cut is made simply by plunging the saw through the roof then pulling it out creating an opening ___________.

A

1/4” by 10”.

91
Q

With an Inverted roof the main joist are at the level of the ceiling, and the roof itself is raised ______ above on _______.

A

4ft above on 2x4’s.

92
Q

The _____________ is actually relatively stable under fire conditions, for awhile it is supported on lightweight framework (2x4’s), the frame is designed so that each portion rests directly on a support leading to the main joists at the ceiling level.

A

Inverted roof

93
Q

When comparing the primary and secondary search, the __________
search is less dangerous and, need for speed is lessoned, but still just as vital.

A

secondary

94
Q

What two emergency maneuvers should be taught to all members performing interior operations?

1.
2.

A
  1. Reduced profile maneuver

2. Quick release

95
Q

Instead of seeing the objects actual color the TIC reads _____________.

A

temperature differentials

96
Q

Thermal Imaging Cameras - ____________ are plainly visible, since they appear to be all white and ____________ appear black.

A

warmer objects, cooler objects

97
Q

What are the 4 prerequisites to a successful rapid intervention operation? ________ are the most important resource.

A
  1. people
  2. policies
  3. tools
  4. techniques

people

98
Q

What are responsible for more than 70% of civilian deaths?

A

Private dwellings

99
Q

Multiple dwellings are those buildings that house ______________.

A

three or more families

100
Q

When the staircase maintains a constant location on each floor is called?

A

Return stairs

101
Q

In multiple dwellings the 3 greatest areas of danger to the occupants in order are:

1.
2.
3.

A
  1. the fire floor
  2. the floor above
  3. the top floor
102
Q

4 characteristics of Garden Apartments:

  1. Low-rise multiple dwellings usually __ to __ stories as high as __ stories
  2. ____________ construction
  3. Living quarters for each apartment on ______.
  4. ________ stairs
A
  1. 1 to 3, 6
  2. Light weight
  3. 1 level
  4. Exterior
103
Q

_____________ are similar to a traditional one-family private home but are attached to other homes on each side.

A

Townhouses

104
Q

Townhouses typically have __ or more floors connected by an open interior stair. ( as many as __ living areas may be found in split-level designs of __ story buildings)

A

2 (5,3)

105
Q

In Townhouses the ________________ are very similar to a more traditional house.

A

room size and fire loading

106
Q

The roof construction on the typical taxpayer is one of four styles:

A
  1. Standard flat roof
  2. Inverted roof
  3. Metal deck on bar joist
  4. Bowstring truss
107
Q

Newer-style taxpayers are often _________________ buildings.

A

non-combustible

108
Q

Concrete, terrazzo, or mud tile floors are poured on top of wooden floor joists for the following reasons:

  1. To provide a _____________ floor surface.
  2. To provide ______ or __________ deadening.
  3. To level a _______ or __________ floor.
A
  1. low-maintenance
  2. sound or temperature
  3. sagging or uneven
109
Q

A ____________ is a continuation of the outer wall above the roof level.

A

parapet

110
Q

A 100’ steel beam heated to 1,000* F will expand _______ lengthwise.

A

9 1/2”

111
Q

The opinion of the author is that the World Trade Centers collapsed due to a ___________________.

A

routine office fire.

112
Q

__________________ is the natural movement of air with in a building. It becomes noticeable in buildings more than ____ high and becomes stronger as the building gets taller.

A

Stack effect, 60’

113
Q

Two unusual phenomena that sometimes occur in high-rises are the ____________ of smoke below the top floors, and _______(also called ______) stack effect, which causes smoke to move down.

A

stratification, inverse(reverse)

114
Q

____________ may occur in sealed buildings when the temperature of the smoke produced isnt sufficient to cause it to rise to the top of the building.

A

Stratification

115
Q

__________________ can occur in air-conditioned high-rise buildings in hot weather. In this case, the temperature inside the building is colder than the outside air. This dense air tends to sink to the bottom of the shafts and, in doing so, may draw smoke from the fire wit it. This will result in smoke moving down to the floors below the fire.

A

Inverse or reverse stack effect

116
Q

If the spray-on coating that protects steel from heat is missing, the steel will lose strength at approx __________.

A

1500*F

117
Q

What is the most dangerous building in the United States to fight fire in?

A

The vacant building

118
Q

The firefighter death rate in vacant structures is _____ times more than in occupied structures.

A

5 times

119
Q

A building marked with the X indicates a building with __________, and all firefighting should ________________.

A

severe hazards, be done from the exterior.

120
Q

___________ is primarily Methane (more than ___%), and it behaves much like pure methane.

A

Natural gas, 90%

121
Q

The pressures in the distribution systems vary according to type and age. The older systems are know as ____________, operating at ___ psi.

A

low-pressure systems, 1/4 psi

122
Q

In newer systems, the pressure in the street mains is higher, between ____ and ____ psi, and is termed ____________.

A

2 1/2 and 60 psi, high-pressure gas.

123
Q

There are two kinds of gas reglators:

  1. New ones are _________
  2. Older is called __________
A
  1. spring-loaded

2. the dead-weight regulator

124
Q

One problem with natural gas utilities that truly brings with it the potential for mass disaster and casualties is the failure of the ____________.

A

district regulator.

125
Q

Cylinders exposed to direct contact with flames, particularly when it occurs in the upper vapor spaces, are subject to BLEVE in as little as ________.

A

10 min.

126
Q

Most of the battery-powered co detector units will activate either for low levels over long times: ____ ppm over either an ___ hr time or a ___ day time frame (depending on when the detectors were made). As well as high doses: ____ ppm in __ min to _____ppm in ____ min.

A

15 ppm over either an 8hr time or a 30 day time frame

100ppm in 90 min to 400 in 15 min.

127
Q

The sensor in these battery-powered CO units is a gel that absorbs CO. It takes ___-___ hrs for this gel to release the accumulated CO before it will reset.

A

24-48 hrs

128
Q

Buildings that show the greatest resistance to collapse are those of _________________.

A

Class 1 fireproof construction

129
Q

The most severe collapse danger in Class 1 buildings occurs in _____________ under construction when the fire involves the wooden formwork of the most recently poured floor. Such a collapse could quite possibly cause a _________ of the entire structure.

A

poured-in-place concrete, pancake

130
Q

How do you determine the size of a collapse zone of a structure?

A
  • Estimate the height of the facing walls

- Remember that large debris will project even greater distance.

131
Q

What is the order of collapse for the 5 Classes of buildings?

A
  1. Class 1
  2. Class 4
  3. Class 3
  4. Class 5
  5. Class 2
132
Q

If heavy fire is obvious and and you haven’t put it out in ____ min, you should consider _________________.

A

20, withdrawing your forces.

133
Q

With Bowstring Truss roofs the collapse zone for ground level forces should be a distance of at least _____ times the wall.

A

2 1/2

134
Q

What are the 5 stages of the collapse rescue plan?

A
  1. Reconnaisance
  2. Accounting and removal of the surface victims
  3. Searching voids
  4. Selected debris removal and tunneling
  5. General debris removal
135
Q

What are 4 common types of voids in search and rescue of a building collapse?

A
  1. Lean-to void
  2. V-shaped void
  3. Pancake void
  4. Individual void
136
Q

What type of chemical agent are the following:

Sarin
Soman
Tabun

A

Nerve agents

137
Q

What type of chemical agent are the following:

Mustard gas
Lewisite
phosgene oxime

A

Blister Agents

138
Q

What type of chemical agent are the following:

Phosgene
Chlorine

A

Choking Agents

139
Q

What type of chemical agent are the following:

Hydrogen Cyanide
Cyanogen Chloride

A

Blood Agents

140
Q

What type of chemical agent are the following:

CN
CS

A

Tear Gases, crowd control

141
Q

Sarin is a _______ agent.

A

nerve

142
Q

What are the three biological agents?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Toxins

*** NOT BLISTER***

143
Q

___________________(RDD’s) known as dirty bombs use conventional explosives to disperse dangerous but not fissionable, radioactive material. In the event of a bomb blast containing radioactive material, the main threat is __________(___________) caused by the explosive, not the radioactivity.

A

Radiological dispersal devices,

physical damage (trauma/burns)

144
Q

The dirty bomb will generally cause more ___________ injury to the population than physical injury from the radiation.

A

physcological

145
Q

NFPA-rated personal rope is considered what?

A

40’ of 3/8” nylon

146
Q

Nearly _______ of all civilian deaths occur in residential buildings, more than _______ per year.

A

80%, 3000

147
Q

____x’s more FF are killed in non-residential structures, especially vacant buildings.

A

4x’s

148
Q

The time of day, coupled with the occupancy and the location and extent of the fire actually produces the _____________.

A

life hazard

149
Q

One rule of thumb for predicting structural collapse is the __________.

A

20 min rule

150
Q

The 20 min rule is for class ___ and ___ and only these two types.

A

class 3 and 5

151
Q

Look for _________________, such as fire burning through a wooden wall ( not merely on the surface )

A

signs of advanced fire

152
Q

The real problem with the air bottle rule or the 20 min rule is with ______________.

A

lightweight construction

153
Q

_________________ with metal c-joists, or bar joists have been proven to collapse with as little as ____ min of exposure.

A

5 min

154
Q

One of the primary indicators of an impending collapse is the ____________________.

A

elapsed time from flashover.

155
Q

Class ____- Fire Resistive 4hrs
The walls, partitions, columns, floors and roofs of these buildings are noncumbustible.
Designed to ___________ the effects of fire for ___________ and prevent its spread.
Buildings of poured or precast concrete and steel frame buildings with applied fireproofing.

A

Class 1

withstand, a limited time

156
Q

Class ___- Noncombustible
Walls, partitions, columns, floors, and roofs in these buildings are also noncombustible , but they provide _______________.
______________- refers to fuel contributed by the structural components, not its resistance to the spread of fire.
Generally built with exposed metal floors and roof systems and metal or masonry walls.

A

Class 2
less fire resistance
Noncombustible

157
Q

Class ___ - Ordinary Construction 2hrs
Consists of __________ or other noncombustible walls with a ___hr fire resistance rating.
Floors, roofs, and interior partitions are of _______.
This is how a majority of brick buildings are made.
Ordinary construction can be found in anything from residential to commercial to manufacturing properties.

A

Class 3
masonry, 2hr
wood

158
Q

Class ___ - Heavy Timber ___hrs
Exterior walls of these buildings are of masonry or some other noncombustible material with at least ___hrs fire resistance rating.
The interior columns, beams, and girders are of heavy timber
(__x__ min), and the floors and roofs are of heavy planks (__x__min)
These buildings present a heavy fire load, yet are excellent buildings in terms of fire resistance.

A 
Class 4
2 hrs
2 hrs
(8x8min)
(3x6min)
159
Q

Class ___ - Wood Frame
These structures have walls, floors, and roofs made wholly or in part of wood or some other combustible material.
Wood frame poses ____ of a collapse hazard than does the noncombustible one.

A

Class 5

less

160
Q 
Construction has many implications:
• C
• F
• Number of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
• Buildings ability to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

Compartmentation
Fire load
Number of hidden voids
Buildings ability to resist collapse

161
Q

Generally the lower the fire in the building, the more serious the _________.

A

hazard

162
Q

Common Class A materials produce ________________ smoke when sufficient oxygen is present.

A

gray to light brown

163
Q

Reduced amounts of oxygen produce large amounts of __________ or ____________ smoke.

A

dark gray or yellow gray

164
Q

Dark gray to yellow gray is an indication of a _____________, especially if the smoke is issuing under pressure and is being drawn back into the building.

A

potential backdraft

165
Q

Wispy smoke, usually light in color, indicates a fire in the _____________.

A

incipient stage

166
Q

Smoke setting or hanging in low spots is _________, and is found in ______________, or where a fire is ___________ or __________ extinguished.

A

cold smoke, sprinkled areas, partially or fully

John Norman (2 decks)

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