Halp me Flashcards
Define cartography
Making maps
Define geomorphology
Study of landforms and the processes that shape them
Define Distortion
When the map is slightly messed up to show other landforms somewhat correctly
Define map scale
Relationship b/w size of an object on a map+size of actual object
Define cultural landscape
Where people settle and why do they settle there
Define natural landscape
Nature before humans jacked it up
Define Regionalization
Forming different regions
Define GIS
computer program that stores geographic data and produces maps to show that data
Define GPS
System that determines absolute location of something on earth
Define relative location
Situation of a place based on other places surrounding it
Define absolute location
Exact location of a place
Arithmetic density
people/land
Physiological density
people/arable land
Agricultural density
farmers/arable land
Population clusters around the world
East Asia, South Asia, Europe
Population cluster in North America
guessing: north east, south east, and west by Cali.
Overpopulation
Too many people for resources on land
CBR
Total # of live births per 1000 people
Total Fertility Rate
Avg. # of children a woman will have in her childbearing years
Dependency ratio
of people under 15 and over 64 compared to # of people who work
CDR
total # of deaths in a year per 1000 people
Define doubling time
of years needed to double a population
Natural Increase Rate
% of growth of a population in a year -CBR-CDR
Thomas Malthus
Believed that worlds pop. rate was outrunning food supply
DTM
Model that shows countries in stages of development
Stage 1: High CBR, high CDR -Stage 2: High CBR, Declining CDR -Stage 3: Decreasing CBR, Decreasing CDR -Stage 4: Low CBR, low CDR
Antinatalist vs. Pronatalist*
- Limit number of children born (China, one child policy)
- Encourage kids to be born (Russia)
Ravenstein’s laws
- Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country
- Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
Push vs. Pull factors
Push: Makes someone want to leave a place. ex: religious conflict, war, poverty
Pull: Draws someone to a different place ex: higher standard of living, jobs, family
Brain Drain
A large amount of educated people leave an area in search for higher paying jobs
Environmental Determinism
Env. controls our actions and we cant overcome that so sucks
Possibilism
Env. influences humans actions but we can overcome those obstacles
Cultural ecology
geographic approach that emphasizes human-env relations
Culture hearth
The origin of innovative ideas
Cultural landscape
THe fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
Language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
Language branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor. Differences are not that extensive or old as in lan. fam. evidence to prove that they are related
Language dialect
Regional variant of a language distinguished by spelling etc.
Buddhism
Origin: First universalizing religion, India, Indo-Gangetic hearth (Buddha)
Diffusion: India-China-Korea-Japan-Tibet, Mongolia, SE asia, Silk Road
Branches: Theravada-monks -Mahayana-prayer -Lamaism-deities
Landscape: pagoda
Christianity
Origin: 2nd universalizing religion, semitic hearth=Israel
Diffusion: hearth= palenstine, largest # of adherents, Roman Empire=Christianity=official religion, Western hemis.
Branches: Roman Catholics, largest #=LA, Protestant=Baptist, Methodist, Penteostar Lutheran
Landscape: plain church’s=Pro., Cathedrals=Cath.
Hinduism
Origin: Indo-Gangetic hearth, India, 1st area to originate there before Buddhism
Diffusion: Indo-Gangetic hearth-Ganges-India
Braches: none
Landscape:Temples
Islam
Origin: 3rd universalizing religion, Mecca Saudi Arabia, fastest growing book=Koran, 2nd largest religion
Diffusion= Africa-Europe-Asia, most muslims=Asia
Branches: Sunni-Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia=most people, Shiite-Iran, Iraq, descendants/Muhammad=leader
Landscape=mosque, minarets, 5 pillars, 1.Mecca 2.Medina 3.Dome of the rock
Popular culture
Mass culture that diffuses rapidly
Folk culture
Smaller region, smaller # of people
Ethnic enclave
Place where an ethnic minority is concentrated Ex. Ghetto
State
country
Nation
A group of people who share a common culture
Nation state
Only one “Race” of people in a country
Stateless nation
Large group of people that does not have a territory to call its own
Nationalism
Showing pride to ones country
Sovereignty
Control a state has over the people+territory
Imperialism
Establishing political, social and economic dominance over a colonized area
Perforated state
A country that has another country inside of it Ex. South Africa
Antecedent boundary
Existed before human activities developed them into their current state
Subsequent boundary
Grow to divide space bc of human interaction and negotiation
Geometric boundary
Straight line boundaries
Relic(t) Boundary
no longer functions as a boundary- remainders of a pre-existing boundary (Berlin Wall)
Self-determinism
The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Federal state
A state that allocates most powers to units of local gov
Unitary state
A state that has most power in the hands of central gov. officials
Centripetal
Unify a states people+regions t=together
Centrifugal
Divides a states people f=fracture
Devolution
Process of transferring some power from central gov to regional gov.s
Supranationalism
Growing trend of 3 or more countries forming an alliance
Gerrymandering
Drawing electoral boundaries to favor your party
Primary sector
Extracting raw material from the earth
Secondary sector
Manufacturing
Tertiary sector
service sector such as public health
Subsistence ag.
Ag. designed primarily for direct eating by the farmer+fam.
Commercial ag.
Grow food for profit
First agricultural revolution
Humans domesticated plants and animals
Second agricultural revolution
Industrial revolution, improved fertilization and food storage technology was invented. People moved to cities for factory jobs
Third agricultural revolution
Began in Na. Distributed mechanized farming technology and chemical fertilizers on a global level.
Intensive agriculture
Intensive labor to grow crops
Extensive ag.
Shifting cultivation, using a large amount of land to cultivate food for the farmers family to eat
Von Thunen model (assumptions)
- city is located centrally within an isolated state
- isolated state is surrounded by an unoccupied wilderness
- land is flat
- soil quality and climate is consistent
- farmers use oxcarts to transport goods to the city
- farmers act to maximize porofits
Ester Boserup
Food production will increase to support the growing population
Human development index
indicator of the level of development for each country, made by UN based on income, literacy, education+life expectancy
Manufacturing regions-world
ugh
Core-Periphery model
developed countries are north of the equator, developing countries are south of the equator
Bulk reducing
industry where the final product weighs less as the input such as steel and heavy metals
Bulk gaining industry
industry where the final product weighs more than the inputs such as the beverage industry
Culture realm
the merging together of culture regions, ex: anglo-american, Latin American, european
Culture trait
a single attribute of a culture, such as bowing to show respect
Cultural diffusion
the spread of peoples culture across space
relocation diffusion
spread of feature or trend through people moving from place to place
Hierarchical diffusion
Ideas spread through higher powered people to lower powered people
Contagious diffusion
diffusion of ideas throughout a population such as a disease
North/South gap
more developed countries are in the northern hemisphere, less developed in Southern Hemisphere
Rostow’s model-development (5 stage model of development)
- Traditional society=agriculture
- Preconditions for takeoff=an elite group initiates innovative economic activities
- Takeoff=rapid growth is made in a limited # of economic activities, such as textiles/food products
- Drive to maturity=Modern technology diffuses to a wide variety of industries
- Age of mass consumption=economy shifts from production of heavy industry(steel and energy) to consumer goods (cars, fridges)
Maquiladoras
factory built by a u.s. company in Mexico near the U.S. border due to low labor costs
Ecumene
The portion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Outsourcing
a corporation that decides to transfer work to foreign suppliers
Suburbanization
growth of suburbs and the continued flight of wealthier families out of the inner city
Urbanization
An increase in the % of the # of people living in urban settlements
Rank-size rule
the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
Basic vs. nonbasic sectors
- industries that sell their products or services to consumers outside the settlement
- industries sell products to people inside community
Globalization
ideas spreading over the world
Multiplier effect
increase in gov. spending creates a ripple effect which increases employment and output of goods
Blockbusting
real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices bc here comes the black people watch out
Filtering
process of changing a home to single use to abandonment
white flight
White people leaving their homes in fear of black people moving in
Sector model
city develops in wedges
Multiple nuclei model
a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities involve
Concentric zone model
city grows in a series of rings that surround the cbd
Latin American City
Wealthy people live in the inner city and a sector extending along a commercial spine
Annexation
legally adding land area to a city
Urban renewal
redevelopment of an urban city
Smart growth
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
Urban sprawl
the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas
Reasons for suburban boom in the 50’s
social security benefits for veterans, demand for more goods, more jobs, higher standard of living
Define Demography
The study of population characteristics
