halogenoalkanes and hydrocarbons vocab

Question 1

alkane

Answer 1

saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2

Question 2

saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 2

compound of hydrogen and carbon only in which the carbon-carbon bonds are all single covalent bonds, resulting in the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule

Question 3

initiation step

Answer 3

the first step in a free radical substitution of alkanes by halogens. It involves the breaking of the halogen-halogen bond using energy from an ultraviolet light from the sun

Question 4

propagation step

Answer 4

the second step in a free radical mechanism in which the radicals formed can then attack reactant molecules generating more free radicals, and so on

Question 5

termination step

Answer 5

the final steps in a free radical mechanism in which two free radicals react together to form a product molecule

Question 6

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 6

compounds of hydrogen and carbon only whose molecules contain carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds

Question 7

cracking

Answer 7

the process in which large, less useful hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful molecules in an oil refinery

Question 8

hydrogenation

Answer 8

addition reaction of alkenes with hydrogen

Question 9

intermediate

Answer 9

a species, such as a carbocation, which is formed at a particular step of the reaction. intermediates are stable enough to react with another substance but not stable enough to be a product. They often have partial positive or negative charge

Question 10

polymer

Answer 10

a long chain molecule made up of many repeating units derived from the monomers

Question 11

monomers

Answer 11

small molecules that react together to make long chain molecules (polymers)

Question 12

addition polymerisation

Answer 12

the reaction of many monomers containing at least one C=C bond to form the long chain polymers as the only product

Question 13

repeat unit

Answer 13

the smallest group of atoms that when linked make the whole polymer chain

Question 14

nucleophilic substitution

Answer 14

the mechanism of the organic reaction in which a nucleophile attacks a carbon atom carrying any partial positive charge. This results in the replacement of an atom carrying partial negative charge by the nucleophile

Question 15

heterolytic fission

Answer 15

the breaking of a covalent bond in which one atom takes both electrons from the bond, forming a negative ion, and leaving behind the positive ion

Question 16

Sn2 mechanism

Answer 16

the steps in a nuclepohilic substitution reaction in which a rate of the reaction (which is determined by the slow step in the mechanism) involves two reacting species

Question 17

Sn1 mechanism

Answer 17

nucleophilic substitution in which the rate of reaction only involves the organic reactant

Question 18

positive inductive effect

Answer 18

the release of electrons from an organic group, such as an alkyl group, towards the rest of the molecule