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Y12 MDY Organic Topic 4 - Halogenoalkanes > Halogenoalkanes > Flashcards

Halogenoalkanes Flashcards

1
Q

What determines a substances boiling point?

A

The strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles

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2
Q

Describe how van der Waals forces are formed.

A
  1. Electron movement in first molecule 2. Induces a dipole in another molecule 3. Induced-temporary attraction in adjacent molecules
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3
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Electronegativity is a measure of the power of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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4
Q

What determines an elements electronegativity?

A

Nuclear charge Distance between nucleus and outer electron shells (atomic radius) Shielding (screening) by inner electrons shells

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5
Q

How does nuclear charge influence electronegativity?

A

Nuclear charge – the more protons, the stronger the attraction from the nucleus to the bonding pair of electrons.

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6
Q

How does distance from nucleus (atomic radius) influence electronegativity?

A

the closer the bonding electrons to the nucleus, the stronger the attraction from the nucleus to the bonding pair of electrons.

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7
Q

How does shielding influence electronegativity?

A

the less shells of electrons shielding (repelling) the bonding electrons, the stronger the attraction from the nucleus to the bonding pair of electrons.

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8
Q

What is the trend in electronegativity down a group?

A

Decreases

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9
Q

Why does electronegativity decrease down a group?

A

Atomic radius increases More shielding So less attraction between nucleus and bonding pair of electrons

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10
Q

What is the trend in electronegativity across a period?

A

increases

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11
Q

Why does electronegativity increase across a period?

A

Atomic radius decreases More nuclear charge So stronger attraction between nucleus and bonding pair of electrons

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12
Q

What is bond polarity?

A

Polarity is the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms that are covalently bonded

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13
Q

How does bond polarity arise?

A

It arises from covalent bonds between atoms with different electronegativity.

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14
Q

Halogenoalkanes can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary. What does this mean?

A

This is dependant upon the bonding in the carbon atom to which the halogen atom is bonded to. Primary halogenoalkanes have a halogen bonded to a carbon bonded to 1 other carbon atom; secondary have a halogen bonded to a carbon bonded to 2 other carbon atoms; etc…

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15
Q

Define a nucleophile

A

We define a nucleophile as a lone pair donator.

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16
Q

Why do halogenoalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution?

A

The carbon - halogen bond is polar and the electron deficient carbon attracts the lone pair of nucleophiles.

17
Q

What determines the rate of nucleophilic substitution reactions?

A

The rate of substitution depends upon the C – X bond strength.

18
Q

What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution of OH-?

A

NaOH (aq) ; warm

19
Q

What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution of CN-?

A

ethanolic KCN (or KCN dissolced in ethanol); warm.

20
Q

What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution of NH3?

A

Excess concentrated ammonia dissolved in ethanol at pressure in a sealed container

21
Q

What is an acid?

A

proton (H+) donor

22
Q

What is a base?

A

proton (H+) acceptor

23
Q

What is an alkali?

A

a soluble base

24
Q

What are the conditions for OH- to act as a base when reacting with halogenoalkanes?

A
  • Heat
  • Ethanol as a solvent (no water present)
  • Concentrated potassium hydroxide
25
Q

What kind of reaction mechanism happens when OH- acts as a base with halogenoalkanes?

A

Elimination

26
Q

warm, aqeous NaOH reacts with halogenoalkanes in which mechanism?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

27
Q

hot, concentrated, ethanolic NaOH reacts with halogenoalkanes in which mechanism?

A

Elimination

28
Q

OH- acts as a base in which mechanism?

A

Elimination

29
Q

Elimination produces which homologous series?

A

alkenes

Y12 MDY Organic Topic 4 - Halogenoalkanes (1 decks)

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