Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Flashcards
Name a chlorine containing antibiotic useful in treating typhoid fever
Chloramphenicol
Chloroquine is used in treatment of
Malaria
Name an anaesthetic for surgery
Halothane
Certain fully chlorinated compounds are being considered as potential blood substitutes in surgery.
True or false
False
Certain fully fluorinated compounds are being considered as potential blood substitutes in surgery.
In the year 1937, Edward Davies Hughes and Sir Christopher Ingold proposed a mechanism for an
SN2 reaction.
Hughes worked under……… and earned a D.Sc. degree from the University of London.
Ingold
…………… (1768-1851) developed the first prism that produced plane polarised light.
William Nicol
Statement 1: Russian chemist, Alexander Zaitsev (also pronounced as Saytzeff) who in 1875 formulated a rule which can be summarised as “in dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is that alkene which has the greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.”
Statement 2: Victor Grignard while attempting to find an efficient catalyst for the process of methylation, he noted that Zn in diethyl ether had been used for this purpose and wondered whether the Mg/ether combination might be successful.
Both statements are correct
E
Dichloro-methane (Methylene chloride)
Uses
A solvent as a paint remover
Propellant in aerosols
Process solvent in the manufacture of drugs
Metal cleaning and finishing solvent
Health effect
Harms the human central nervous system
Low exposure= slightly impaired hearing and vision
High exposure= dizziness, nausea, tingling and numbness in the fingers and toes
Direct skin contact= intense burning and mild redness of the skin
Direct contact with the eyes can burn the cornea.
Trichloromethane (Chloroform)
Uses:
Solvent for fats, alkaloids, iodine and other substances
Major use= production of the freon refrigerant R-22
Anaesthetic but replaced by less toxic, safer anaesthetics, such as ether
Health effects:
Inhaling vapours depresses the central nervous system
900 parts per million inhaled for a short time can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headache
Chronic exposure= damage to the liver (where chloroform is metabolised to phosgene) and to the kidneys
Assertion: Chloroform is stored in closed dark coloured bottles completely filled so that air is kept out.
Reason: Chloroform is slowly oxidised by air in the presence of light to an extremely poisonous gas, carbonyl chloride (phosgene)
Both are correct and correct explanation
2CHCI3 + O2 ————> 2COCI2 + 2HCl
Statement 1: Triiodo-methane (Iodoform) was used earlier as an
antiseptic
Statement 2: The antiseptic properties are due to the liberation of free iodine and not due to iodoform itself
Both are correct
Assertion: Triiodo-methane (Iodoform) has been replaced by other formulations containing iodine.
Reason: It has objectionable smell
👍👍👍
Tetrachlo-romethane (Carbon tetrachloride)
Uses:
Manufacture of refrigerants and propellants for aerosol cans
Feedstock in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals, pharmaceutical manufacturing
General solvent
Degreasing agent
Spot remover
Fire extinguisher
Health effects:
Exposure= liver cancer
Dizziness, light headedness, nausea and vomiting, which can cause permanent damage to nerve cells
Effects can lead rapidly to stupor, coma, unconsciousness or death
Make heart beat irregularly or stop
When carbon tetrachloride is released into the air, it rises to the atmosphere and depletes the ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone layer is believed to increase human exposure to ultraviolet rays, leading to increased skin cancer, eye diseases and disorders, and possible disruption of the immune system.
Freons
The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are collectively known as freons.
Properties:
Extremely stable
Unreactive
Non toxic
Non corrosive
Easy liquefiable
Uses:
For aerosol propellants, refrigeration and air conditioning purposes
In stratosphere, freon is able to initiate radical chain reactions that can upset the natural ozone balance
………… is one of the most common freons in industrial use
Freon 12 (CCl2F2)
manufactured from tetrachloromethane by Swarts reaction
p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)
The first chlorinated organic insecticides
Effectiveness against the mosquito that spreads malaria and lice that carry typhus
High toxicity toward 🐟
Fat soluble
Not metabolised by animals rapidly but deposited and stored in the fatty tissues
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Chloral
CCl3CHO
Gammaxene
C6H6Cl6
Chloropicrin
CCl3NO2
