HALO-HALO Flashcards
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Anatomy- Derived from the Greek words
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ANA- apart TOMY- To cut
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study of the normal structures of the human body and their relationships with one another.
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HUMAN ANATOMY
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study of the different functions of the normal structures of the human body and the involved processes of how these body parts work.
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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
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DIVISION OF HUMAN ANATOMY
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A. Gross / Macroscopic anatomy
B. Microscopic Anatomy
C. Embryology
D. Neuroanatomy
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study of normal structures of the human big enough to be studied by unaided eye.
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Gross / Macroscopic anatomy
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– study of structures of specific
body systems
- e.g. nervous and circulatory systems.
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Systemic Anatomy
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study of the landmarks on the body surface of the different visceral organs.
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Surface anatomy
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- study of structures by body regions.
- e.g. head region, thoracic region.
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Regional Anatomy
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study of normal tissues of the body
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Histology
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study of structures of the human body through use of microscope.
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Microscopic Anatomy
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TYPES OF MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
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- CYTOLOGY
- HISTOLOGY
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chemical and microscopic study of cells
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Cytology
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study of development of the human body from
fertilization of ovum up to the period of extrauterine life.
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Embryology
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study of normal microscopic, gross features and development of the nervous system
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Neuroanatomy
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DIVISION OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
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- Cell Physiology
- Special Physiology
- Systemic Physiology
- Pathologic physiology
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- is the study of the functions of specific organs
- e.g. cardiac physiology
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Special Physiology
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Is the study of the heart function
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cardiac physiology
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- the study of the functions of living cells
- the cornerstone of human physiology
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Cell Physiology
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- all aspects of the functions of specific organ systems.
- e.g. cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology and reproductive physiology.
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Systemic Physiology
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is the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.
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Pathologic physiology
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- Maintenance of the body’s internal environment
- Negative feedback loop
- stability, Balance, Equilibrium
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HOMEOSTASIS
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HOMEOSTASIS REGULATION
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- Autoregulation
- Extrinsic regulation
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cells lack oxygen ,chemicals would be released to dilate blood vessels
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Autoregulation
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during exercise nervous system commands inc of heart rate so blood will circulate faster
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Extrinsic regulation
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ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESS
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
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all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
Metabolism
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the body’s ability to react to changes in environment both internally or
externally.
Responsiveness
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motion occurring inside the human body, either the whole body or individual cells or even the organelles within these cells.
Movement
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development of cells from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Differentiation
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– an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size or number of cells.
Growth
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formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement or the production of a new individual.
Reproduction
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF
THE BODY
1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. System level
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atoms (colored balls) combine to form molecule.
chemical level
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different tissues combine to form _____________ such as the urinary bladder.
organ level
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similar cells and surrounding materials make up _____________.
tissue level
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molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up ___________.
cell level
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organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidney, make up an ____________
organ system level
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an organ systems make up an organism
organism level
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- Smallest units of life
- Is a basic unit of biological organization.
- Perform all activities necessary to maintain life
- e.g. metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion, reproduction
CELLS
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do not contain a nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane
Prokaryotic
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types of cells
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
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contain a true nuclear envelope
Eukaryotic
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Basic composition of cell
* Protoplasm / cytoplasm
* Cell membrane
* Nucleus
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PHYSIOLOGY PROPERTIES OF CELL
1. Irritability / excitability – nervous tissue
2. Conductivity – nervous tissue
3. Contractility – muscle tissue
4. Absorption and secretion – cells of the digestive
5. Excretion – excretory system
6. Respiration – respiratory system
7. Growth and reproduction – different parts of a body.
8. Organization –
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- Tissues with same function grouped
together.
- Examples: liver, stomach
ORGANS
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TISSUE
Made up of different types of cells
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Hemopoietic
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A group of organs that perform a common
function.
SYSTEM
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supports and protects the body
skeletal system
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- creates a barrier that protects the body from pathogens and fluid loss.
- sensory reception
integumentary system
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- creates the movements of the body.
- contributes to body temperature homeostasis.
muscular system
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- exchanges air with the atmosphere
- provides surface area for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood
respiratory system
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- regulates fluids balances in the body
- houses some of immune cells that defend the body from pathogens
lymphatic system
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breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into the body
digestive system
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- acts as the sensor of homeostasis
- connects the brain to every part of the body
nervous system
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secretes the hormones that regulates many bodily processes
endocrine system
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- delivers oxygens, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body
- contributes to temperature regulation
cardiovascular system
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head body region
- frontal (forehead)
- orbital (eye)
- nasal (nose)
- oral (mouth)
- otic (ear)
- buccal (cheek)
- mental (chin)
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- contributes to blood pressure and pH homeostasis
- removes waste product from the body
urinary system
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- produces and exchanges gametes
- house the fetus until birth
- lactation
reproductive system
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neck body region
cervical (neck)
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BODY REGIONS
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk
a) Thorax
b) Abdomen
c) Pelvic cavity
d) Perineum
4. Upper extremities
5. Lower extremities
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trunk thoracic body region
- pectoral (chest)
- sternal (breast bone)
- mammary (breast)
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trunk abdomen body region
- abdominal (abdomen)
- umbilical (navel)
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lower limb of body region
- coxal (hips)
- femoral (thigh)
- patellar (kneecap)
- crural (leg)
- tarsal (ankle)
- dorsum (top of foot)
- digital (toes)
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trunk pelvis body region
- pelvis (pelvis)
- inguinal (groin)
- pubic (genital)
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back lower limb body region
- popliteal (hollow behind knee)
- sural (calf)
- plantar (sole)
- calcaneal (heel)
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upper limb body region
- clavicular (collarbone)
- axillary (armpit)
- brachial (arm)
- antecubital (frontal of elbow)
- antebrachial (forearm)
- carpal (wrist)
- palmar (palm)
- digital (fingers)
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back of head body region
- cranial (skull)
- occipital (base of skull)
- nuchal ( back of neck)
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manual (hand) body regions
- carpal (wrist)
- palmar (palm)
- digital (fingers)
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pedal (foot) body region
- tarsal (ankle)
- dorsum (top of foot)
- digital (toes)
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back upper limb body region
- acromial (point of shoulder)
- olecranon (point of elbow)
- dorsum (back of hand)
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trunk (back) body region
- sacral (between hips)
- gluteal (buttock)
- perineal (perineum)
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trunk dorsal (back) body region
- scapular (shoulder blade)
- vertebral (spinal column)
- lumbar (lion)
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-cranial, spinal
Dorsal
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CAVITIES
- Dorsal
- Ventral
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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
-standing (or lying supine) erect
-head and eyes directed forward.
- Upper limbs by the sides with palms facing forward.
-Lower limbs together with toes facing forward.
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thoracic, abdominopelvic
Ventral
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- Vertical planes
-running from side to side
-Divides the body or any of it’s part into anterior
and posterior portion
Coronal / Frontal Plane
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ANATOMICAL PLANES
1. Coronal / Frontal Plane
2. Sagittal Plane / Lateral Plane
3. Horizontal / Transverse / axial
4. Median plane
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-Vertical plane
-from front to back
- divides into right & left side
Sagittal Plane / Lateral Plane
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-horizontal planes
-divides the body into upper and lower parts
Horizontal / Transverse / axial
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-sagittal plane through the midline of the body
-from front to the back dividing it into right and left halves
Median plane
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SECTIONS OF THE BODY
Longitudinal section
Transverse sections
Oblique sections
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- vertical Section
Longitudinal section
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cross section
Transverse sections
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Cut the body not along any body
planes (slant)
Oblique sections
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abdominopelvic cavity: 4 quadrants
right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant
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THE ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP
1. Superior / Cranial/Cephalic
2. Inferior / Caudal
3. Anterior / Ventral
4. Posterior / Dorsal
5. Medial
6. Lateral
7. Proximal
8. Distal
9. Superficial / External
10. Deep / Internal
11. Central
12. Peripheral
13. Parietal
14. Viscera
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TERMS OF MOVEMENT
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Abduction
4. Adduction
5. Circumduction
6. Rotation
7. Inversion
8. Eversion
9. Dorsiflexion
10. Plantarflexion
11. Supination
12. Pronation
13. Protraction
14. Retraction
15. Elevation
16. Depression
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
1. CELL MEMBRANE
2. CYTOPLASM
3. NUCLEUS
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- trilaminar
- semipermeable
1. CELL MEMBRANE
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- colloidal
- with organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton
2. CYTOPLASM
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types of cytoplasm
Organelles - living structure found in cytoplasm
Inclusion-temporary/non living structure
Cytoskeleton- support
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- with DNA in the form of:
3. NUCLEUS
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types of nucleus
a. heterochromatin (inactive)
b. euchromatin (active
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- Double phospholipid layer with embedded proteins
(TRILAMINAR)
- the one to give shape
-acts as receptor sites
-plasma membrane
The Cell Membrane
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selectively permeable membrane
Membrane transport
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types of Membrane transport
* Osmosis
* protein channels
* active transport
* fluid mosaic mode
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greater concentration to lesser concentration
PASSIVE
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TRANSPORT PROCESSES ACROSS
CELL MEMBRANE
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
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Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute
concentration
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
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Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute
concentration with a CARRIER
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
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Movement of solvent (WATER) from an area of
LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH
solute concentration
OSMOSIS
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Movement of solute from an area of LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH solute
concentration
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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Lesser concentration to greater concentration
ACTIVE
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EQUAL
ISOTONIC
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SHRINKING
HYPERTONIC
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Swelling eventually; Lysis=Bursting
HYPOTONIC
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releasing; exit; extrusion of substance
within the celL
EXOCYTOSIS
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entry of particles towards the cell
ENDOCYTOSIS
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cell eating
Phagocytosis
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cell drinking
pinocytosis
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- Mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or
colloid
* Solution: atoms or ions distributed in medium
Polar compounds go into solution
Nonpolar compounds go into colloidal
suspension
With organelles, inclusions, Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
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Membrane bound organelles - MEGLP
M – Mitochondria
E – Endoplasmic reticulum
G- Golgi Complex
L- Lysosomes
P- Peroxisomes / microbodies
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Newly Discovered / Temporary to your cells
MELANOSOMES
SECRETORY GRANULLES
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Non- Membrane Bound Organelles
RIBOSOMES
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* Powerhouses of the cell
* Cristae - inner folds wherecellular respiration
occurs
* Synthesize ATP Energy requirements of cell
determine cristae number Also accumulate
(THE MORE CRISTAE YOU HAVE THE MORE
ENERGY IS BEING SYNTHESIZED BY
MITOCHONDRION)
* Ca+,synthesize nucleic acids and
proteins,oxidation of fatty acids.
* Billaminar (outer and inner layer)
MITOCHONDRIA
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* Distributed throughout Cytoplasm
* Attached to rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
* No membrane covering
* Site of protein synthesis
free ribosomes
RIBOSOMES
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protein for INTRACELLULAR
USE
free ribosomes-
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* System of membranes that makes up channels
* Connects with outer nuclear and cell membranes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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- for protein synthesis
attached ribosomes
(protein-EXTRACELLULAR USE)
Rough / Granular ER
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TYPES OF ER:
Rough / Granular ER
Smooth / Non-granular ER
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fat transport and
sex hormone synthesis,HCL synthesis, release
and recapture Ca+ in skeletal muslces.
Smooth / Non-granular ER
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* Collection of flat saclike cisternae
* Concentration and collection of cellular
compounds
* Storage warehouses of the cell
* Carbohydrate synthesis site
“packaging”
GOLGI COMPLEX/ APPARATUS
(Dictyosomes)
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* Digestive enzyme packages
* With acid hydrolases
* Lack oxidases and catalases
* Functionplay role in cellular defense
* digest stored food
* maintenance and repair of organelles
* suicide agents for old or weak cells
LYSOSOMES
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types of lysosomes
a, primary lysosomes
b. secondary lysosomes
c. Residual Bodies
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* Digestive enzyme packages
* With acid hydrolases
* Lack oxidases and catalases
* Functionplay role in cellular defense
* digest stored food
* maintenance and repair of organelles
* suicide agents for old or weak cells
LYSOSOMES
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* CONTAIN:
CATALASE – converts H2O2 into H2O
and O2
OXIDASE
PEROXISOMES / MICROBODIES
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INCLUSIONS
1. GLYCOGEN
2. LIPID
3. PIGMENTS
a. Exogenous
b. Endogenous
1) lipofuscin
2) melanin
3) hemoglobin
4) bilirubin
4. CRYSTALS
a.Crystals of Reinke
b.Crystals of Charcot-Bottcher
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NEVER BACK DOWN NEVER WHATTTTT!!!!??????
NEVERRRRRR GIVEEEEEEEEEEE UPPPPPPPP!!!?????
