hallucinogens Flashcards
psychedelics
cause vivid sensations and alter reality but users are still responsive and remember it all
Deliriants
vivid but confusing and semi unresponsive
dissociative
analgesia, amnesia, catalepsy, fully detached from reality
hallucinations
experience involving the perception of something that may not be present
illusion
altered and distorted perceptions, thoughts, feelings and insights, awareness
Delusion
fixed belief that is unchanged by counter evidence
indoleamine
Serotonin like nucleus
-DMT
-Bufotenin
-Psilocybin
-ibogaine
-LSD
-Harmaline and Harmine
-Ayahuasca (DMT and Beta- carbolines)
Phenetheythlamine/ catechol
mescaline
-MDMA
-2C drugs
Hallucinogen reward
most are not rewarding (some aversive with D2) but muscarinics (deliriant) are. with M2 and 4 (DA soma) and M5 (DA pre synaptic)
LSD effect
Has three stages of symptoms
1. mosty physical for 30 min, sympathomimetic, nausea
2. after 30min starts to change perceptions, the novel experience from LC activation, your senses intensify and Synesthesia
3. after 3 hours, the intro section starts with deeper sense of self, disconnection of body and mind
LSD reward
No reward, seem to in fact activate D2 and be aversive to animals
LSD Novel experiences
From increased 5HT in the LC from 5HTa activation
LSD targets
targets 5HT 2A the most which has high density in the PFC and cortex. LSD has a very binding time and strength due to L229 which activates the beta arresting pathway
5HT 2A
primary target of hallucinogens as they have a biased agonism towards it. They activate the beta arrestin and MAPK system.
also form complementary signalling with D2 and other receptors which my lead to the aversion
PCP
Dissociative from (Amanita muscaria, Salvia divinorum) it blocks NMDARs in the cortex and hippocampus (same as ketamine but for longer)
-5mg, anaesthetic, analgesic, stimulant, hallucinogen
-10mg, muscle rigidity, loss of pain, agitation, combative
Ketamine
dissociative very similar to PCP but shorter duration, it blocks NMDARs in the cortex and hippocampus
-5mg, anaesthetic, analgesic, stimulant, hallucinogen
-10mg, muscle rigidity, loss of pain, agitation, combative
Ketamine and PCP reward
No direct increase of DA in NAc but they do increase general synthesis and release of DA everywhere
ketamine and PCP dependance
Mostly comes from access to the drugs and mostly psychological. only mild reinforcement from DA increase
DMT
indolamine, hallucinogen, from P. viridis, A. peregrine, Virola.
-destroyed in the gut
-5-HT 2A/C/1A agonist
-no tolerance
-similar to LSD/Psilocybin
Bufotenin
Indolamine, Hallucinogen, from some frogs
-very close to 5HT
-drooling, heart palms, elevated BP and oxygen depletion
-hallucinations come from hypoxia in the optic nerve
Psilocybin
Indolamine, Hallucinogen, (from Psilocybe, panaeolus and Conocybe)
-ingested mild version of LSD
-metabolized into psilocin
-rapid tolerance
Ibogaine
Indolamine, Hallucinogen
-could block addiction with glial cells factor GDNF in the VTA
-but can destroy your cellebellum
Harmaline and Harmine
indoleamine hallucinogens from B. Cappi
-Beta-carboline chemcials
-selective MAO inhibitors
-also inhibit acetylcholinesterase for potential Alzheimers or Parkinson’s treatments
Ayahuasca
indoleamine hallucinogen made from DMT and beta-carbolines
-Beta-carbolines inhibit MAO to prolong effect
-can cause vomiting and diarrhea
Mescaline
Phenethylamine/ catechol, hallucinogen, from L-williamsii
-smilar to LSD but 4-12 duration
-nausea, vomiting death from convulsions
Nutmeg and mace contain similar chemicals that can also cause hallucinations
MDMA
phenethylamine/catachol hallucinogen
Anti-cholinergics
Tropane alkaloids, atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine (from Mandragora officinarum, atropa bellabonna, datura stramonium, hyoscyamus niger)
-they block Muscarinic AChHrs and dilate pupils, increase heart rate
-low dose, anxiolytic and sleep
high does, hallucinations, amnesia, paralysis
also need near toxic dose to halluciate
-fatal from hyperthermia, rapid Heart and asphyxia
Atropine
propane alkaloid, anti-cholinergic ,hallucinogen
scopolamine
tropane alkaloid, anti-cholinergic ,hallucinogen
hyoscyamine
propane alkaloid, anti-cholinergic ,hallucinogen
salvia divinorum
contains salvinorin A, non alkaloid hallucinogen
-also activates kappa opioid receptors
-mild alteration of consciousness to full trip
-vivid visuals and time detachment
-high does can create brain lesions
Amanita muscaria
mushroom that contains isotonic acid and muscimol
-excreted unchanged in urine
-alters body, euphoria and dizziness
-muscimol is GABAa agonist and is dominant for effects
-ibotenic acid binds NMDARs
2-C
Phenethylamine derivatives, 5HT agonists and others
-produce hallucinations and are stimulants
Bromo-dragonFLY and N-Benzyl-OXY-Methyl (NBOM)
Bromo-dragonFLY (benzodifuran
2-C drug, hallucinogen,
-1-3 day duration
-binds 5HT1 and 2A
major vasoconstriction via alpha adrenergic system
-similar effects to LSD but very narrow TI
NBOM
2-C drug, hallucinogen,
-potent at 5HT2a receptors
