Hallmarks of cancer Flashcards
Hallmark that can come from bypassing the need for growth factors
sustained proliferation
Increased expression of HER2 is caused by:
HER2 duplication or amplification
The extent as to which one would know if the amount of mutated HER2 is already cancerous is the ratio of HER2 to what?
CEP17
__ is a rare cancer of the retina with a mutation on a gene in chromosome 13
Retinoblastoma
Mutated gene in retinoblastoma
Rb gene
The Rb gene codes for a protein that:
keeps cells from proliferating
Phosphorylation of pRb (activates, deactivates) it, resulting in __.
Deactivates, cell cycle progression
Increase in p53 levels leads to
Arrest in G1 and G2
T/F. In cancer cells, when DNA is irreparable, the cell goes through apoptosis.
False; Cancer cells do not apoptose
Aflatoxin induces what kind of base-pair changes in codons 247-250 of p53?
G-T and C-A tranversions
__ produces a protein that has the ability to bind p53 and prevent it from interacting effectively with its target genes
Hepatitis B
The limitless replicative potential of cancer cells is due to the increased of the enzyme:
Telomerase
T/F. The enzyme responsible for the repairs of telomeres is usually only expressed in adult cells.
False. Normally expressed in fetal cells.
What are the cascade of events that lead to angiogenesis? (10)
- Angiongenic factor production
- Release
- EC receptor binding
- EC activation
- EC proliferation
- Directional migration
- ECM remodeling
- Tude formation
- Loop formation
- Vascular stabilization
On angiogenesis:
__ constitutes a dormant niche for disseminated breast cancer cells.
Stable microvasculature
