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History Russia > Half Term One > Flashcards

Half Term One Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Alexander II?

A

The grandfather of Nicholas II. Known for the emancipation of Serfs.

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2
Q

When was the emancipation of the Serfs?

A

1861

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3
Q

What percentage of the population were serfs in 1861?

A

38%

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4
Q

Who was Alexander III?

A

The Father of Nicholas II and son of Alexander II.

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5
Q

What were Alexander III’s political opinions?

A

He was hard autocrat who went against his father’s liberal reforms.

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6
Q

When did Nicholas II become Tsar?

A

The 1st of November 1894

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7
Q

Who was Nicholas II’s wife?

A

Alexandra of Hesse-Darmstadt. She was German which was highly frowned upon by the Russian population.

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8
Q

What was different about Nicholas II’s marriage?

A

He married for love and was totally guided by her advice, much to the annoyance of his advisors and the population.

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9
Q

How did A. Morris decribe Nicholas II?

A

‘transparently immature’, ‘personal qualities’, ‘the new Tsar was not equal to the tasks that confronted him’

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10
Q

How did J.N Westwood describe Nicholas II?

A

‘has endearing qualities’, ‘he had little choice but to rule’, ‘to be the pupil of Pobedonostev was a bad beginning’

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11
Q

Who was Pobedonostev?

A

Nicholas II’s tutor. He played a significant part in forming the world of Nicholas II. He was a staunch conservative and taught Nicholas the values of Autocracy.

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12
Q

When was Nicholas II’s coronation?

A

The 14th of May 1896

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13
Q

What was the Khodynka Tragedy?

A

An event in Moscow just four days after the coronation was offering free food. However, the 1,200 policemen failed to maintain order resulting in a catastrophic crush which killed over 1,200 people.

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14
Q

What was Nicholas II’s response to the Khodynka tragedy?

A

He went initially to the site of the tragedy; however, that night he went to a ball at the French ambassador’s. He called the crush ‘a great sin’ in his diary.

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15
Q

What was the Council of State?

A

It offered advice on proposed new laws.

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16
Q

What was the Imperial Chancellery?

A

The Tsar’s Personal Staff.

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17
Q

What were the eleven Central Government Departments?

A

Interior, Finance, War, Navy,
Foreign Affairs, Holy Synod, Education, Agriculture, Trade, Transport and Justice.

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18
Q

Who were ministers responsible to?

A

Ministers were personally responsible to the Tsar since there was no Prime Minister.

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19
Q

What were the two most important government departments?

A

The Interior Ministry and the Finance Ministry.

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20
Q

What was the Interior Ministry responsible for?

A

It was responsible for public order, policing, censorship and the supervision of local government bodies.

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21
Q

What was the Finance Ministry responsible for?

A

Taxation and economic development.

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22
Q

What were the three forms of Local Government?

A

Provincial govenors, The Zemstva (singular:zemstvo) and Land captains

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23
Q

What were Provincial Govenors?

A

European Russia was divided into 78 provinces each with their own govenor.They were the Tsar’s representatives in each province.

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24
Q

What were the Zemstva?

A

The Zemstva were elected local councils established in 1864 which operated in rural areas.

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25
Q

What did Provincial govenors do?

A

They were responsible for overseeing large amount of governance. They could to overule zemstvo. Govenors were responsible to the minister of the interior.

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26
Q

What did the Zemstva do?

A

They were responsible for education, health and infrastructure.

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27
Q

What did the Zemstva eventually become?

A

They became strongholds of Liberal opinion and were in the forefront for reform in 1904-05.

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28
Q

What were Land Captains?

A

They were members who supervised peasant affairs in their localities.

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29
Q

What were the three main opressive policies?

A

Russification, Orthodoxy and Autocracy.

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30
Q

What percentage of the population were Russian in 1897?

A

44%

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31
Q

What percentage of the population were Ukrainian in 1897?

A

18%

32
Q

What percentage of the population were Finnish in 1897?

A

2.5%

33
Q

What percentage of the population were Polish in 1897?

A

6%

34
Q

What percentage of the population were Jewish in 1897?

A

4%

35
Q

How many soldiers had to be stationed in Poland to supress resistance?

A

100,000

36
Q

What was the Finnish response to Russification?

A

Mass protests and violence.

37
Q

What antisemitic event took place in 1891?

A

Two thirds of Moscow’s Jewish population were expelled.

38
Q

What antisemitic event took place in 1902?

A

The Okhrana invented the ‘Protocols of the Elders of Zion’.

39
Q

What did the Protocols of the elders of zion say?

A

There was a worldwide jewish conspiracy planning to subvert Europe and set up a ruthless police state

40
Q

What antisemitic event took place in 1903?

A

In two days 47 Jews were murdered and 400 were wounded, 700 houses were burned down and 600 shops were destroyed in a pogrom (Lynching)

41
Q

What was the reaction to the Pogroms?

A

They were encouraged by the government and people involved were rewarded.

42
Q

How many ethnicities were there in Imperial Russia?

A

Over 100

43
Q

What percentage of Russia was Eastern Orthodox in 1897?

A

70%

44
Q

What percentage of Russia was Muslim in 1897?

A

11%

45
Q

What percentage of Russia was Roman Catholic in 1897?

A

9%

46
Q

Who were the Social Revolutionaries (SRs)?

A

A Marxist Group in Russia.

47
Q

Who was the leader of the Social Revolutionaries?

A

They didn’t have a single leader, instead there were a group of influential leaders. This linked to their idea of socialism which encompassed a degree of anarchism.

48
Q

Who were some influential Social Revolutionaries leaders?

A

Chernov, Gots, Gershuni, bershkovsky.

49
Q

What was important about the SR Combat Organisation?

A

It was secretly led by an Okhrana spy (Yevno Asef).

50
Q

What was Chernov’s vision of Russian socialism?

A

He envisioned a decentralised state, giving power not to the industrial worker but to the peasant. This shows the anarchist influences on their ideas.

51
Q

What were the Social Revolutionaries methods?

A

They veiwed violence as a legitimate political weapon (although this was debated amognst its ranks). They believed that there was no possibilty of a bloodless revolution.

52
Q

Who were the members of the Liberals?

A

They were mainly members of the intelligentsia, teachers, doctors, engineers,lawyers, writers and students.

53
Q

What did the Liberals want?

A

They wanted to rid Russia of corrupton and incompetence which they believed was stunting the growth of this new political class.

54
Q

Were the Liberals Monarchists?

A

The Liberals generally favoured a British-styled of Constitutional Monarchy.

55
Q

Did the Liberals want a revolution?

A

The Liberals were opposed to revolution.

56
Q

What were the Liberals members of?

A

The zemstva and found much success.

57
Q

When did the Liberals form a political party and what was it called?

A

In 1905 and it was called the kadets.

58
Q

What were the Liberals’ methods?

A

They held ‘banquets’ where they would discuss plans but they were mostly against armed revolution.

59
Q

Who were the Social democrats?

A

They were a political party that split into two seperate parties - The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

60
Q

When did the Social Democrats split?

A

August 1903.

61
Q

What type of revolution did the Bolsheviks want?

A

They wanted to combine the two revolutions envisioned by Marx into one. There would therefore be one continuous revolution.

62
Q

What were the methods of the Bolsheviks?

A

They supported ‘Armed insurrection’, ‘mass terror’ and civil war as ways in which the revolution would take place. They expected to have to fight.

63
Q

Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?

A

Lenin

64
Q

Who was the leader of the Mensheviks?

A

Martov

65
Q

What type of revolution dd the Mensheviks want?

A

The Mensheviks favoured the traditional Marxist path of two revolutions and were prepared to wait for their revolution.

66
Q

What type of party did the Bolsheviks want?

A

A small, dedicated group of profesional revolutionaries.

67
Q

What type of party did the Mensheviks want?

A

The mensheviks favoured a decentralised and larger party.

68
Q

What were the methods of the Mensheviks?

A

They were opposed to the idea of forcing revolution. However, there were some Mensheviks who wanted a forced revolution most notably Leon Trotsky (who joined the Bolsheviks in July 1917)

69
Q

What type of socialism did the Mensheviks want?

A

They wanted an orthodox Marxism where people would hold power in a decentralised state.

70
Q

What percentage of the Russian population were peasants in 1897?

A

82%

71
Q

What percentage of the population were working class in 1897?

A

4%

72
Q

What percentage of the populaton were of the comerical class (middle class) in 1897?

A

1.5%

73
Q

What percentage of the population were upper class in 1897?

A

12%

74
Q

What percentage of the population were in the ruling class in 1897?

A

0.5%

75
Q
A

History Russia (2 decks)

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