half term 1 pt2 content Flashcards
what is the establishment?
describes the dominant social group, the elite who control government/politics, or an institution
- henry fairlie popularised ‘the establishment’ as a term through his job of journalism
what is deference?
describes polite submission and gestures of respect
how did the press coverage of scandals challenge the legitimacy of government?
- led to a decline in deference
- realisation the government is corrupt morally and causes disillusionment from the government
- exposes upper classes and their morals
- gov fail to control media
how did the satire boom challenge the governments legitimacy?
examples:
‘’beyond the fringe’, ‘private eye’ headlines and ‘that was the week that was’
- normalisation of joking about government performance
- decline of deference
- created negative reputation of the government
- TV ownership in homes increased accessibility to critical materials
how did critics of the establishment challenge government legitimacy?
- commented GB was being held back by the ‘ruling elite’
- perception of the ‘ruling elite’ included: emphasised arts education in preference to stem. Blocked talent from outside the establishment
- gives ideas of corruption to the public, painting the picture of ‘out of touch’ rulers
- aristocratic connotations allow further disillusionment
how did social scientists investigating into class challenge the governments legitimacy?
- provided evidence of the heavily classed society and the lack of nobility
- argued GB needed rulers who earnt their positions and better understood the modern era
- critical that most govs were run by upper educated classes that had ‘high’ social links
- such as ‘old boys network’ - old etonian scheme, providing evidence for the ‘class ridden’ society
how did ‘angry young men’ challenge the legitimacy of the government?
- group of writers rebelled against traditional theatre and literature
- attacked behaviours of upper and upper middle classes with the play ‘look back in anger’ in 1956
- was seen as controversial and sarcastic
-seen as an attack on aristocratical and established classes
examples of continuity of attitudes towards women
- temporary work contracts once pregnant in jobs
- acceptance of a pay gap
- abortion illegal, only contraception was condoms, no pill yet
- 1951, 20% had a job
- only 10% of this figure was in skilled work (civil service, unis and legal professions)
- trade unions tended not to support women as it was thought it would lead to working men loosing pay
- ‘marriage bar’ , an expectation to stop work once married
- women unable to open a bank in their name until 1975, male member of family’s signature still required.
- 1946 women received family allowance, reinforcing ideas that it is the woman’s responsibility to care for children
- mortgages and bank accounts held by men
examples of change in attitudes towards women
- made up 30% of the workforce
- family allowance recognised a woman’s struggle
- limited equal pay legislation for teachers (1952) and civil servants (1954)
- liberator made life easier, 54% rise in washing machine ownership
- end of rationing meant end of queuing for food
- fridge invention meant regular food shops were less necessary
examples of youth association with violence
- brighton beach violence, 59 arrested for throwing stones. Rockers vs mods. prison sentences and £5 fines
- imaged to be carrying flick knives
- teddy boys notorious for violence after murder on Clapham Common 1953 and association with nottinghill race riots
examples of ‘juvenile delinquency’ and ‘moral panic’
- teenage convictions doubled between 1955 and 1959
- became a metaphor for the supposed collapse of standards/deference
- proposed detention centres to be built
- speculation of corporal punishment being reintroduced (whipping)
- 20% of girls were pregnant before marriage
- those between 14 and 17 convicted of serious crimes more than doubled in this time period
examples of continuity of traditionalist ideas amongst young people
- teddy boys were a relatively short phenomenon
- mods slowly took over the teds, a smart ‘chic’ dress
- mid 1960s, brit teens seen as unexciting compared to american teens
- biggest selling albums were south pacific and my fair lady and not elvis presley
- weekly church attendance remained high (10m a week by 1960 out of a population of 51m)
- average age for marriage was 20 for women and 23 for men
- average age for children was 24
- therefore not a rebellious of tradition bursting generation
examples of demographic changes in relation to the emergence of the teenage market
- ability to leave school at 14
- education increasing in quality
- baby boom post-war
- youth cultures: rockers, teddy boys and mods
- 5 million teens 1959
- 10% population
examples of change in disposable income in relation to the emergence of the teenage market
- the rise of the cinema
- 5% market was teens
- increase in income
- records and clothes
- parents able to give money due to affluence
change in free time in relation to the emergence of the teenage market
- listening to music via radios
- new labour saving devices for women and end of national service in 1960
examples of influence of the USA in relation to the emergence of the teenage market
- folk and rock ‘n roll music
- american singers and celebrities
- monroe and presley
- teenage horror films
examples of market products aimed at teenagers
- radios
- marketted movies (biker, beach, rock ‘n roll)
- relatable celebs
- teenage torture films (horror)
- teens owning cars and motorbikes
- transistor invention helped the spread of trends
teddy boys info
- associated with juvenile delinquency and rising crime
- seen as a worrying phenomenon
- derived from edwardian fashion
- known to be ignorant and obsessed with money
- affiliation to race riots and clapham murder
mods info
- rode scooters
- wore smart suits
- italian influence
- transistor radios
- known to be hooligans
rockers info
- rode heavy bikes, wore leather jackets and listened to rock ‘n roll music
- influenced by the elvis look and american icons
- seen as out of date to mods
- seen as dirty and scruffy
why was there so much immigration into Britain in the 1950s?
- shortage of labour: due to post-war. Needed low-skilled low paid workers
- recruitment campaigns by british firms: NHS, textile workers, London transport
- opportunities for immigrants: seen as the ‘mother country’ as an opportunity for good wages. Earlier immigrants were male and aimed to work in Britain for a short period while sending money back home to their families
- encouragement and support for immigrants: some given interest free-loans from their own government for travel costs. London transport provided hostels for many immigrants they recruited
immigrant experience in political developments
- ‘keep britain white’ slogan adapted by national front
- white defence league set up (oswold mosley), seen as neo-nazi, racist and antisemitic
- trade unions began to complain about immigrants taking people’s jobs
immigrant experience in employment
- mainly in NHS and transport
- trade unions were anti-immigrant
- many had multiple jobs ‘all cheap labour’
- racism, abuse and ignorance in the NHS
- highly skilled workers qualifications not recognised in GB, hence low skilled employment
- poor pay, £6.13 weekly
immigrant experience in with stereotypes
- newspapers exaggerated their lack of cleanliness, criminality and sexual practices
- straining housing and education
- acceptance of low skilled work
- seen to be stealing women and work
- culture of drinking, music, clubs, gambling, drug-taking and prostitution
immigrant experience of positive experiences
- female immigrants were able to work and didn’t have domesticated roles
- many welcoming to immigrants
- cleaner and safer work
- jobs easy to get (NHS and transport)
immigrant experience in physical violence
- teddy boys went ‘n___ hunting’ or ‘black burying’
- flick knives
- teddy boys attacking black men who were ‘taking their women’
immigrant experience in housing
- british people were hostile to immigrant neighbours
- landlords hostile to renting - hence poor areas, ‘No Blacks, No Irish, No dogs’
- ‘white flight’ white people more out of densely populated black areas
- immigrants found themselves living in overcrowded substandard accommodation
- ‘grimy brick terraces’
- ‘cooped up in crowded and often condemned old properties’
- seen to be straining housing
- settled in inner city areas like brixton, handsworth or toxtheth
when was the Notting Hill race riots?
friday 30th aug 1968, following weekend too
previous friday too, 23rd aug 1968
why was it challenging to pass legislation arises at limiting immigration in the 1950s?
- would keep white people in old commonwealth out too
- any discriminative legislation would be unacceptably racialist
- politicians considered themselves liberal on race
why did migration from the west indies/carribean increase in the 1950s?
- west indies wanted better job opportunities and better lives
- decline in tobacco and sugar production in carribean, meant they also wanted better job opportunities
- increase in countries becoming politically violent
- alternative migration as US closed in 1952
- refugees from stalinism
why was immigration seen to be problematic to some british people?
- white flight
- stereotyped to drinking, drugs and prostitution
- trade unions opposed black people
reaction of ‘white britain’
- landlords didn’t want black residents
- many people hadn’t met black people before
- most hostility was street level and still wasn’t accepted to talk about
- teddy boys went ‘n___hunting’ ‘keep B white’
why did the notting hill race riots begin?
- teddy boys influenced by mosley’s facists and union for british freedom and national front
- nottingham riots fuelled Notting hill due to media
- Notting hill demographically placed inbetween soho and bbc headquarters, also most well-known street for black people
- overall facist and racist area
what was the consequence of the race riots?
- notting hill carnival set up as an alternative response, celebrating black culture
- wanted stricter immigration laws, 1962 commonwealth immigrants act seen notably liberal
- wanted tighter boarders especially to stop commonwealth easily coming into britain
- hundreds arrested, 9 white youths charged with prison sentences (five years and £500 fine)
- number were part of the white defence league
what is the british nationality act?
1948
800 million people in commonwealth the right to british citizenship
what is the commonwealth immigration act?
1962
controlled the immigration of the commonwealth passport holders
only those with work permits were permitted entry (usually those who were high skilled workers, such as doctors)
what was the monday club and when was it set up
a reaction to the loss of the empire
10 conservative MPs opposing macmillian
fighting a more right wing brand of conservatism
became linked to anti-immigration argument
examples of tory divide because of loss of empire
league of empire loyalists and monday club set up
why were south africans angered after the loss of the empire?
saw britain to be meddling with sa’s domestic affairs
what did the usa think of britain after their empire loss?
lost main role in global politics and had a loss of control
what was the fringe group and when was it made?
1954
league of empire loyalists
however limited impact
how did britain handle the dismantling of their empire compared to france and belgium
well as both countries had massacres and civil wars break out following extraction from colonies
what were young people’s views on decolonisation?
saw empire as a distraction from britain
msot rejected imperial identity
wanted more focus on british welfare, backing decolonisation
what is the central argument of the winds of change speech?
that the world has moved on from empire and everyone must accept it
macmillan had a tone of caution to south africa
what was the main moral problem of the empire?
- after defeating germany it was seen as unfair fro GB to have their ideas of empire
- seen to be outdated as seen in suez crisis
what was the political problem of the empire?
- uprisings causing problems and damaging reputations of britain
- empire seen as right wing
- wanted to be more central
what were financial problems of the empire?
- could not afford the upkeep
- owed India £1.4bn, £454m to all colonies too
- came out as a net looser financially
how much did GB owe india at the time of decolonisation?
£1.4bn
how much did britain owe the rest of the colonies at the time of decolonisation?
£454m
overview of kenyan decolonisation
- divided into three groups - kikuyu, masai and luo
- guerilla campaign 1952 after kikuyu unhappy as white took land farmed
- dec 1963 independence
- haste and racial division continued
overview of cypriot decolonisation
- 1955 cypriot terror campiagn to unite with greece
- 20% turkish and opposed greek unity
- 1960 independence through a greek president and turkish vice
- turkish invasion 1974 leading to a partition
overview of rhodesian/zimbabwean decolonisation
- 200k white people overpowered 3 million black people
- 1965 independence
- left-wing wanted rhodesian regime crushed, force if necessary
- wilson tried negotiation with Ian Smith but failed as no majority rule
- eventful independence 1980 pressurised by SA and USA
overview of nigerian independence
- muslim and christian divide
- british imposed federal constitution
- handed power over to a coalition representing both groups
- independence oct 1960
- suffered instability due to ethnic tensions
- 1967-1970 civil war
when was cypriot independence?
1960
when was kenyan independence?
1963
when was rhodesian/zimbabwean independence?
1980 eventually
when was nigerian independence?
1960
examples of cooperation between usa and uk
- nato 1949
- korean war collaboration 1951-1953
- macmillan and eisenhower personal relationship 1957-1961
- cuban missile crisis 1962 communication
examples of tension between uk and usa
- burgess and maclean affair 1951
- nuclear deterrent late 1950s disagreements
- suez crisis 1956
when did british and navies visit each other?
october 1955
when did khrushchev visit britain?
april 1956
when did macmillan visit russia?
went to moscow february 1959
