Hale's Slides

Question 1

Introverted, anxious, and gifted cannot be “touched” or measured directly, and are all examples of _________.

Answer 1

Constructs

Question 2

We sometimes ____________ constructs where there are none and ________ constructs that should be separate.

Answer 2

• Create
• Combine

Question 3

The goal is to “carve ________ at its joints” -Popper

Answer 3

Nature

Question 4

The process of measuring psychologically related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior is ______.

Answer 4

Testing

Question 5

Constructs are assessed by _______.

Answer 5

Testing

Question 6

“Tests are tools. In the hands of a fool or an unscrupulous person they become _____ _________” - Tyler (1962)

Answer 6

Pseudoscientific Perversions

Question 7

________ is the “gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation, accomplished through the use of tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and especially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures.”

Answer 7

Assessment

Question 8

Assessment focuses on ________ rather than merely measuring.

Answer 8

Understanding

Question 9

____________ may help to identify or clarify a problem

Answer 9

Assessment

Question 10

____________ may help to determine the best environment for a person

Answer 10

Assessment

Question 11

____________ may help to advance justice

Answer 11

Assessment

Question 12

____________ may help to aid in matching people to opportunities

Answer 12

Assessment

Question 13

____________ may help to help a person better understand themselves

Answer 13

Assessment

Question 14

____________ may help as an effective short term therapeutic intervention

Answer 14

Assessment

Question 15

____________ may help to protect against bias / human thinking errors

Answer 15

Assessment

Question 16

An individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control is ________ _______ _____.

Answer 16

Fundamental Attribution Bias

Question 17

Mindfulness, self-observation, willingness to have “6th sense experiences”, and nomothetic measures can be helpful/essential in countering _________ _________.

Answer 17

Thinking Errors

Question 18

Our best defense against inaccurate conclusions are:

Answer 18

• Using valid & reliable measures to guard against bias/blind spots
• Using multiple methods of measuring to blend the various strengths and weaknesses every instrument inevitably has

Question 19

Attributes of a Good Test include:

Answer 19

• Clear instructions for administering, scoring, and interpreting
• Efficient use (incremental validity)
• Accurate
• Reliability–consistency
• Validity–measures what it purports to measure

Question 20

General Domains of Psychological Assessment include:

Answer 20

• Personality (traits and states)
• Intellectual
• Neuropsychological
• Vocational

Question 21

To reduce/eliminate errors, misattributions, mistakes in characterizations, inaccurate conclusions, etc. is a major goal of:

Answer 21

Psychological Assessment.

Question 22

Using valid & reliable measures

Answer 22

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 23

Using multiple methods of measuring

Answer 23

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 24

Being aware of and guard against human thinking errors; anticipate making mistakes

Answer 24

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 25

Considering the nature of various types of data (strengths, weaknesses, peculiarities, )

Answer 25

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 26

Integrating seemingly conflicting data

Answer 26

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 27

Considering the motivational and environmental circumstances of testing

Answer 27

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 28

Being able to systematically identify characteristics of condition under consideration

Answer 28

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 29

Reconciling testing results with history

Answer 29

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 30

Systematically revising your impressions by considering data that temper your hypothesis

Answer 30

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 31

Predictions of rare events should be made sparingly

Answer 31

to help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 32

Use of empirically validated, statistically derived algorithms when available

Answer 32

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 33

Use of validity scales and symptom validity measures to be alerted to distortions

Answer 33

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 34

Considering client feedback

Answer 34

can help reduce mistakes in assessment

Question 35

The construct of intelligence is a general label for a group of processes that are inferred from _________ _________.

Answer 35

observable behaviors

Question 36

Because of its ambiguity ____________ has become framed in different philosophical assumptions, political agendas, social issues, and legal restrictions.

Answer 36

Intelligence

Question 37

Common definitional aspects of intelligences include:

Answer 37

* Abstract thinking * Learning from experience * Solving problems through insight * Adjusting to new situations * Focusing and sustaining one's abilities to achieve a desired goal | (Wechsler, Sternberg, Gottfredson, etc.)

Question 38

General domains of psychological assessment include:

Answer 38

* Personality assessment (traits and states) * Intellectual assessment * Neuropsychological assessment * Vocational assessment

Question 39

True ability or characteristic can be obscured by:

Answer 39

* Test anxiety * Willingness to cooperate * Level of distress o Depression or psychosis o Hunger o Bathroom needs o Sleep deprivation * Tendency to agree or disagree * Prior experience with the test or coaching * Luck * Examiner skill * Personal characteristics of examiner in interaction with the test-taker

Question 40

Research shows that most influences, like test anxiety, usually account for a ________ part of the score variance.

Answer 40

small

Question 41

Four Major Traditions in Approaching Intelligence include:

Answer 41

1. Psychometric Approaches 2. Information Processing Approaches 3. Neuro-biological Approaches 4. Developmental Approaches

Question 42

The value of theories is that they:

Answer 42

* Allow us to discuss aspects of a construct not previously accessible * Increase depth and breadth of understanding * Useful in certain predictions * Motivate effort to operationalize theory

Question 43

Psychometric Approaches assume intelligence is a _____ in which there are individual differences (normally distributed).

Answer 43

trait

Question 44

Psychometric Approaches started with ______

Answer 44

Binet

Question 45

Positive manifold is the idea that:

Answer 45

all the variables are positively correlated

Question 46

Some regard “g” as:

Answer 46

the most basic measure of intelligence

Question 47

Three stratum model (Horn & Cattel, 1963):

Answer 47

* g * Fluid intelligence (Gf)--processing ability * Crystalized intelligence (Gc)—stored information

Question 48

Three stratum model (Horn & Cattel, 1963):

Answer 48

* g * Fluid intelligence (Gf)--processing ability * Crystalized intelligence (Gc)—stored information

Question 49

Three stratum model (Horn & Cattel, 1963):

Answer 49

* g * Fluid intelligence (Gf)--processing ability * Crystalized intelligence (Gc)—stored information | (Psychometric Model)

Question 50

Fluid intelligence (Gf)

Answer 50

* Dependent on brains efficiency and intactness * Enables problem solving, perceiving relationships * Primarily non-verbal, culture free * Increases until age 14 then levels off until 20 then gradually declines | (stratum model )

Question 51

Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)

Answer 51

* Largely environmentally determined * Content oriented (Vocabulary, Information) * Relatively permanent and not as susceptible to brain damage * Develops from interaction of Gf and environment * Grows until age 40 then gradually declines | (stratum model )

Question 52

Five Factor Model (Keith factors)

Answer 52

* Verbal Comprehension Index * Working Memory Index * Visual Spatial Index * Fluid Reasoning Index * Processing Speed Index

Question 53

IQ correlates with speed of certain information processing functions:

Answer 53

* speed of apprehension * scanning * retrieving * responding to stimuli | correlations increase as tasks become more complex

Question 54

Per Sternberg's Triarchic Theory, Intelligence involves:

Answer 54

1. Metacomponents--planning, monitoring, evaluating 2. Performance components--administering instructions of metacomponents 3. Knowledge-acquisition components--learning how to do something in the first place

Question 55

Per Thorndike, general intelligence factor 'g' equals:

Answer 55

The total number of modifiable neural connections