haizt Flashcards
When was Lawrence Kohlberg born?
Year 1927
Lawrence Kohlberg died at ??
January 19, 1987 (60 years old)
He grew up in Bronxville, New York
Lawrence Kohlberg
What are the 3 level in Kohlberg’s Level of Moral Development
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional Autonomous or Principled
What are the stages under Preconventional level?
Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience-Orientation
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange/Instrumental Relativist Orientation
What are the stages under Conventional level?
Stage 3: Interpersonal Concordance Orientation
Stage 4: Authority and Social - Order Maintaining Orientation
What are the stages under Postconventional Autonomous or Principled level?
Stage 5: Social-Contract Legalistic Orientation
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle
Children see rules as fixed and absolute.
Child views adult’s rules as unquestionable
Stage 1: Punishment-Obedient Orientation
Children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange/Instrumental Relativist Orientation
Often referred to as the “good boy-good girl” orientation
Stage 3: Interpersonal Concordance Orientation
Individuals are making decisions based on the implications for society
Stage 4: Authority and Social-Order Maintaining Orientation
People begin to account for the differing values, opinions and beliefs of other people.
Stage 5: Social-Contract Legalistic Orientation
People follow these internalized principle of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
He is a Dominican Priest and Scriptural Theologian
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Saint Thomas Aquinas was born in the castle of?
Castle of Roccasecca in the old country of the Kingdom of Sicily
Saint Thomas Aquinas is the youngest among ??? children
9
This is one of Saint Thomas Aquinas well known influential works
Summa Theologica
This presents the reasoning for almost al points of Christian Theology
Summa Theologica
When did Saint Thomas Aquinas died?
Died in 1274 at the age of 49
What are the 4 laws of Aquinas?
1) Eternal Law
2) Human Law
3) Divine Law
4) Natural Law
it refers to the rational plan of God by which all creation is ordered
Eternal Law
To this law, Everything in the universe is a subject
Eternal Law
This law supposed to spell out what the natural law prescribes
Human Law
This includes civil and criminal laws, though only those formulated in the light of practical reason and moral laws
Human Law
It is a law of revelation, disclosed through sacred text or Scriptures and the Church which is also directed toward man’s eternal end
Divine Law
This law is more focused on how man can be inwardly holy and eventually attain salvation
Divine Law
It is the aspect of Eternal Law which is accessible to human reason
Natural Law
Knowable by natural reason
Natural Law
It is the natural inclinations to specific goods
Syndresis
This law is connected to Moral Law
Natural Law
It is the greek word of Deontology that means ______
Deon , being necessary
It is the moral theory that evaluates actions
that are done because of duty.
Deontology
He was born in April 22, 1724 and died at February 12, 1804.
Immanuel Kant
He is a German philosopher whose
comprehensive and systematic work in
epistemology (the theory of knowledge),
ethics, and aesthetics greatly influenced
all subsequent philosophy, especially
the various schools of Kantianism and
idealism.
Immanuel Kant
He inaugurated a new era in the
development of philosophical
thought.
Immanuel Kant
What are the famous works of Immanuel Kant?
1) Critique of Judgement
2) Critique of Practical Reason
3) Critique of Pure Reason
What are the criteria for Ethical Judgements
1) Reason
2) Good Will
3) Duty
Immanuel Kant rejects ethical
judgments that are
based on?
Feelings
It is the basis for moral judgements
Reason
An ____ must accord with reason
Act
Reason produces a ______ which is good that is good in itself.
will
For Immanuel Kant, a person of
good will is a person
who acts from?
Duty
True or False
Duty is not like inclination.
True
It is the feeling that pushes one to
select a particular option or decision. it is one’s liking.
Inclination
True or False
One acts morally when one do not restrains one’s feelings and inclinations and do that which one is obliged to do.
False
(One acts morally when one restrains
one’s feelings and inclinations and do
that which one is obliged to do.)
Command of reason
Imperative
Exceptionless
Categorical
It demands action without qualification,
without any ifs, and without regard to the consequence such an act may produce.
Categorical Imperative
True or False
For Kant, the categorical imperative
rule that, if followed, will guarantee that the person behaving in accordance with it is acting morally.
True
Categorical Imperative can be
formulated and understood through:
- Universalizability
- Autonomy
- Man as an end-in-himself
“Act only on that maxim through
which you can at the same time will
that it should become a universal
law.”
Universalizability
“The will is thus not only subject to the law, but it is also subject to the law in such a way that it gives the law to itself (self- legislating), and primarily just in this way that the will can be considered the author of the law under which it is subject.”
Autonomy
“So act as to use humanity, both in
your own person and in the person of
every other, always at the same time
as an end, never simply as a means.”
Man as an end-in-himself
It is a command of reason that is exceptionless
Categorical Imperative
Kohlberg’s based his theory of moral development through this person’s book.
Jean Piaget (Book: Theory of Moral Judgement for Children - 1932)
What are the Aquinas 5 natural inclinations
1) The Good
2) To self preservation
3) To sexual union; to reproduce and educate offspring
4) To know the truth about God
5) To live peacefully in the society
What is the first principle of double effect?
1) The action intended must be good in itself; otherwise, the act is evil at the very outset
What is the second principle of double effect?
2) The good effect must follow the action at the least as immediately as the evil effect, or the good and evil effects must occur simultaneously
What is the third principle of double effect?
3) The foreseen evil effect should not be intended or approved, but merely permitted to occur
What is the fourth principle of double effect?
4) There must be a proportionate and sufficient reason for allowing the evil effect to occur while performing the action
Ancient Greek philosopher and
scientist, one of the greatest
intellectual figures of Western
history.
Aristotle
He was the founder of formal logic, devising for it a
finished system that for centuries was regarded as the sum of the discipline; and he pioneered the study of zoology, both observational and theoretical, in which some of his work remained unsurpassed until the 19th century.
Aristotle
One of the two works of Aristotle which concerns
morality. This book has been regarded as the Ethics of Aristotle since the beginning of Christian era.
Nicomachean Ethics
It is an ethicaltheory that emphasizes
an individual characterratherthan
following a set of rules
Virtue Theory
is a moral characteristic that an
individual needs to live well.
Virtue
it is a moral philosophy that teaches that an action is right if it is an action that a virtuous person would perform in the same situation
Virtue Ethics
What are the 3 general descriptions can be used to depict Aristotle’s Ethics?
1) Telos
2) Arete
3) Eudaimonia
It is the end of purpose
Telos
Aristotle begins his discussion of
ethics by explicating that every act
that a person does is directed
toward a particular purpose, aim.
Telos
The highest purpose is the ultimate
________ of a human being.
good
The highest good of the person must
be the following:
1) final
2) self-sufficient
It is a set of strong character that once developed will lead to a predictable good behavior
Virtue
Arete means
Virtue
It is a sense of human flourishing
Arete
Achieving the highest purpose of a human
person concerns the ability to function
according to reason and to perform an
activity well or excellently.
Arete
It is attained by means of habit
Arete
It is also known as the golden mean which means the spot between two extremes
Mesotes
Excess and defect normally indicate a vice
Mesotes
True or False
Moral virtue is the golden mean between two less undesirable extremes
False!
Mortal virtue is the golden mean between two less desirable extremes
What are the four basic moral virtues?
1) Courage
2) Temperance
3) Justice
4) Prudence
It is between cowardice and tactless rashness
Courage
It is between gluttony and extreme frugality
Temperance
It is giving others right what they deserve, neither more nor less
Justice
It is knowing what is just or reasonable in various circumstances
Prudence
True or False
Courage means putting yourself in harm’s way for a good cause
False!
Courage is finding the right way to act
It is knowing what needs to be put out there and what you should keep quiet about
Honesty
It is philosophical or intellectual wisdom
Sophia
It is practical wisdom
Phronesis
A life full of Eudaimonia is a life of:
1) Striving
2) Pushing yourself to the limits
3) Finding success
4) Happiness
It holds the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number
Utilitarianism
When and where was Jeremy Bentham born?
in Houndsditch, London year 1748
Jeremy Bentham rejected the notions of ___________ and ________ which is common during his days
moral sense and right reason
He found pleasure to be the only objective good and pain the only evil
Jeremy Bentham
Man is under two great masters… ________ and _______
pain and pleasure
The Hedonistic/Felicific Calculus
1) Intensity - How strong it is
2) Duration - How long it is
3) Certainty - How likely it could be
4) Propinquity - When it could arrrived
5) Fecundity - If it will cause further pleasure
6) Purity - How free from pain it is
7) Extent - How many people are affected
The best action is that which produces the greatest happiness and/or reduces pain
Principle of Utility
We ought to do that which produces the greatest happiness and least pain for the greatest number of people
Greatest Happiness
He was born on May 20, 1806 in Pentonville, London, UK
John Stuart Mill
At the age of 11, John Stuart Mill wrote…
History of Roman Law
He believed
that happiness cannot be
calculated on the amount of
pleasure and the amount of pain in
a certain action.
John Stuart Mill
According to Mill, ____________ must always be taken into consideration before making a moral decision
Happiness
2 types of pleasure
1) Lower Pleasure - Bodily or sensual pleasures
2) Higher Pleasure - Intellectual pleasures
