HAI & antibiotics Flashcards
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What percentage of hospital patients experience hospital-acquired infections (HAI) according to the CDC?
- A) 1 in 15
- B) 1 in 20
- C) 1 in 31
- D) 1 in 50
Answer: C) 1 in 31
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Which of the following is NOT a common source of HAI?
- A) Central line-associated sepsis
- B) Ventilator-associated pneumonia
- C) Appendectomy
- D) Clostridium difficile infections
Answer: C) Appendectomy
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Which of the following are common risk factors for hospital-acquired infections? select 2
- A) Older age
- B) Mechanical ventilatory support
- C) Short hospital stay
- D) Strong immune system
Answer: A) Older age, B) Mechanical ventilatory support
Answer: A) Older age, B) Mechanical ventilatory support
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Which of the following are types of surgical site infections (SSI)?
- A) Superficial incisional
- B) Organ or space
- C) Deep incisional
- D) Systemic incisional
Answer: A) Superficial incisional, B) Organ or space, C) Deep incisional
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What is the most common surgical site infection (SSI)?
- A) Superficial incisional
- B) Deep incisional
- C) Organ or space
- D) All of the above
Answer: A) Superficial incisional
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Which pathogen is most commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections?
- A) Staphylococcus
- B) Streptococcus
- C) Pseudomonas
- D) E. coli
Answer: A) Staphylococcus
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Which of the following is a risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI)?
- A) Diabetes
- B) Short hospital stay
- C) Clean surgical wound
- D) Adequate glycemic control
Answer: A) Diabetes
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Which type of surgical wound involves spillage of contents from an internal organ?
- A) Clean
- B) Clean-contaminated
- C) Contaminated
- D) Dirty
Answer: C) Contaminated
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What percentage of surgical site infections (SSIs) are potentially preventable?
- A) 10%
- B) 25%
- C) 50%
- D) 75%
Answer: C) 50%
Answer: C) 50%
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Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for antibiotic prophylaxis during surgery?
- A) Administer antibiotics within 1 hour of incision
- B) Use the newest antibiotics available
- C) Ensure adequate bactericidal concentration in tissues
- D) Re-dose antibiotics for prolonged procedures
Answer: B) Use the newest antibiotics available
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What is the main goal of preoperative prophylaxis?
- A) Prevent surgical errors
- B) Ensure complete sterilization of the operating room
- C) Achieve adequate bactericidal concentration in serum and tissues during surgery
- D) Reduce patient anxiety
Answer: C) Achieve adequate bactericidal concentration in serum and tissues during surgery
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Which of the following antibiotics is typically administered before surgery to prevent infection?
- A) Penicillin
- B) Cefazolin
- C) Metronidazole
- D) Ciprofloxacin
Answer: B) Cefazolin
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What is the common adverse reaction to vancomycin administration?
- A) Rash
- B) Nephrotoxicity
- C) Diarrhea
- D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
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Which of the following pathogens is most likely to cause bloodstream infections and endocarditis in hospital settings?
- A) Pseudomonas
- B) E. coli
- C) MRSA
- D) Streptococcus
Answer: C) MRSA
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Which antibiotic class inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis?
- A) Beta-lactams
- B) Aminoglycosides
- C) Fluoroquinolones
- D) Metronidazole
Answer: A) Beta-lactams
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Which generation of cephalosporins has the best penetration of the blood-brain barrier?
- A) 1st
- B) 2nd
- C) 3rd
- D) 4th
Answer: D) 4th
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What is the main adverse reaction associated with fluoroquinolones?
- A) Cartilage damage/tendon rupture
- B) Nephrotoxicity
- C) Ototoxicity
- D) Hypersensitivity
Answer: A) Cartilage damage/tendon rupture
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What is the mechanism of action for metronidazole?
- A) Inhibits DNA protein synthesis
- B) Inhibits cell wall synthesis
- C) Forms toxic byproducts that damage DNA
- D) Inhibits ribosomal protein synthesis
Answer: C) Forms toxic byproducts that damage DNA
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Which of the following antibiotics should be avoided in patients with a known allergy to penicillin?
- A) Cefazolin
- B) Metronidazole
- C) Amoxicillin
- D) Ciprofloxacin
Answer: C) Amoxicillin
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Which of the following describes deep incisional surgical site infections?
- A) Occurs only on the surface of the skin
- B) Occurs beneath the incision area in muscles and surrounding tissues
- C) Occurs only in organs or spaces between organs
- D) Occurs as a result of superficial wounds
Answer: B) Occurs beneath the incision area in muscles and surrounding tissues
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Which organism is commonly found in ventilator-associated pneumonia? mulitple choice
- A) Staphylococcus aureus
- B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D) Clostridium difficile
Answer: B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative)
- A) Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive).
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Which of the following is a major risk factor for urinary catheter-associated UTIs?
- A) Short hospital stay
- B) Older age
- C) Use of central venous lines
- D) Immunosuppression
Answer: B) Older age
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What is the main cause of Clostridium difficile infections in hospital settings?
- A) Improper hand hygiene
- B) Contaminated water
- C) Overuse of antibiotics
- D) Blood transfusions
*
*Answer:** C) Overuse of antibiotics
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Which of the following is the appropriate timing for administering surgical prophylactic antibiotics?
- A) After surgery begins
- B) Within 1 hour of incision
- C) After surgery has ended
- D) At the time of hospital admission
Answer: B) Within 1 hour of incision
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Which type of wound involves evidence of infection at the time of surgery?
- A) Clean wound
- B) Contaminated wound
- C) Dirty wound
- D) Clean-contaminated wound
Answer: C) Dirty wound
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Which infection control practice is essential to preventing hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?
- A) Use of gloves alone
- B) Hand hygiene
- C) Sterile surgical gowns only
- D) Isolation of patients
Answer: B) Hand hygiene
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the patient history that indicates possible infection?
- A) Night sweats
- B) Productive cough
- C) Increased appetite
- D) Dysuria
Answer: C) Increased appetite
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Which surgical antibiotic is commonly re-dosed for prolonged procedures?
- A) Ciprofloxacin
- B) Cefazolin
- C) Metronidazole
- D) Vancomycin
Answer: B) Cefazolin
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Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with surgical site infections (SSI)?
- A) Redness
- B) Fever
- C) Delayed healing
- D) Increased energy levels
Answer: D) Increased energy levels
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Which surgical procedure is more prone to hospital-acquired infections (HAI)?
- A) Emergency surgery
- B) Clean surgery
- C) Appendectomy
- D) Dental surgery
Answer: A) Emergency surgery
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What is the role of glycemic control in the prevention of surgical site infections?
- A) Maintaining blood sugar levels below 100
mg/dL
- B) Preventing infections with glucose levels below 200 mg/dL
- C) Increasing insulin post-surgery
- D) No impact on infection rates
Answer: B) Preventing infections with glucose levels below 200 mg/dL
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Which of the following is a common side effect of aminoglycosides?
- A) Ototoxicity
- B) Increased heart rate
- C) Gastrointestinal upset
- D) Seizures
Answer: A) Ototoxicity
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Which antibiotic class is typically reserved for resistant infections in hospital settings?
- A) Cephalosporins
- B) Penicillins
- C) Carbapenems
- D) Metronidazole
Answer: C) Carbapenems
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What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in relation to antibiotics?
- A) The time it takes for antibiotics to reach the bloodstream
- B) The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible bacterial growth
- C) The concentration at which an antibiotic becomes ineffective
- D) The maximum concentration tolerated by the patient
Answer: B) The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible bacterial growth
. Which of the following are common hospital-acquired infections? (Select all that apply)
- A) Urinary catheter-associated UTI
- B) Surgical site infections
- C) Appendicitis
- D) Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Answer: A) Urinary catheter-associated UTI, B) Surgical site infections, D) Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Which of the following are common risk factors for developing hospital-acquired infections (HAI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Older age
- B) Short hospital stays
- C) Multiple chronic illnesses
- D) Direct contact with contaminated surfaces
Answer: A) Older age, C) Multiple chronic illnesses, D) Direct contact with contaminated surfaces
Which of the following infections are associated with central line use? (Select all that apply)
- A) Central line-associated sepsis
- B) Urinary catheter-associated UTI
- C) Surgical site infections
- D) Bloodstream infections
Answer: A) Central line-associated sepsis, D) Bloodstream infections
Which antibiotics are effective against gram-positive bacteria? (Select all that apply)
- A) Vancomycin
- B) Penicillin
- C) Ciprofloxacin
- D) Gentamycin
Answer: A) Vancomycin, B) Penicillin
Which bacteria are often responsible for causing surgical site infections (SSI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Staphylococcus aureus
- B) Escherichia coli
- C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D) Streptococcus
Answer: A) Staphylococcus aureus, C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, D) Streptococcus
What are some common risk factors for surgical site infections (SSI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Overweight
- B) Immunocompromised status
- C) Short surgery duration
- D) Smoking
Answer: A) Overweight, B) Immunocompromised status, D) Smoking
Which of the following factors increase the risk of surgical site infections (SSI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Poor wound hygiene
- B) Lack of antibiotic prophylaxis
- C) Short surgery duration
- D) Older age
Answer: A) Poor wound hygiene, B) Lack of antibiotic prophylaxis, D) Older age
Which of the following antibiotics require redosing in prolonged surgeries? (Select all that apply)
- A) Cefazolin
- B) Vancomycin
- C) Metronidazole
- D) Penicillin
Answer: A) Cefazolin, B) Vancomycin
Which of the following are strategies to prevent hospital-acquired infections (HAI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Hand hygiene
- B) Proper sterile technique during surgery
- C) Limiting hospital stays
- D) Regular staff training on infection control
Answer: A) Hand hygiene, B) Proper sterile technique during surgery, D) Regular staff training on infection control
What are adverse reactions associated with fluoroquinolones? (Select all that apply)
- A) Cartilage damage
- B) Tendon rupture
- C) Nephrotoxicity
- D) QT interval prolongation
Answer: A) Cartilage damage, B) Tendon rupture, D) QT interval prolongation
. Which conditions could lead to increased hospital-acquired infections (HAI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Lack of infection control practices
- B) High pathogen prevalence in the community
- C) Use of antibiotics during surgery
- D) Infrequent cleaning of hospital environments
Answer: A) Lack of infection control practices, B) High pathogen prevalence in the community, D) Infrequent cleaning of hospital environments
What are the adverse effects of vancomycin? (Select all that apply)
- A) Red man syndrome
- B) redness at injection site
- C) Rash
- D) Nephrotoxicity
Answer: A) Red man syndrome, B) redness at injection site, D) Nephrotoxicity
. Which of the following symptoms indicate the presence of surgical site infections (SSI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Redness
- B) Fever
- C) Pain at the site of incision
- D) Increased range of motion
Answer: A) Redness, B) Fever, C) Pain at the site of incision
What are some methods to prevent surgical site infections (SSI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Administering prophylactic antibiotics
- B) Maintaining proper sterile techniques
- C) Ensuring shorter surgery durations
- D) Limiting preoperative fasting
Answer: A) Administering prophylactic antibiotics, B) Maintaining proper sterile techniques
Which of the following factors are commonly associated with an increased risk of hospital-acquired infections (HAI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Prolonged hospital stays
- B) Inadequate infection control practices
- C) Older age
- D) High immune system activity
Answer: A) Prolonged hospital stays, B) Inadequate infection control practices, C) Older age
Which of the following recommendations are part of the Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection (2017)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Administer parenteral antibiotics when indicated
- B) Achieve perioperative glucose levels below 200 mg/dL
- C) Soak prosthetic devices in antibiotic solution
- D) Use alcohol-based antiseptic for intraoperative skin preparation
Answer: A) Administer parenteral antibiotics when indicated, B) Achieve perioperative glucose levels below 200 mg/dL, D) Use alcohol-based antiseptic for intraoperative skin preparation
Which recommendations are given for the use of non-parenteral antibiotics during surgery?** (Select all that apply)
- A) No recommendation for antibiotic irrigation
- B) No recommendation for soaking prosthetic devices in antibiotic solution
- C) Antibiotic ointments should be applied to the incision
- D) Alcohol-based antiseptics are preferred for skin preparation
Answer: A) No recommendation for antibiotic irrigation, B) No recommendation for soaking prosthetic devices in antibiotic solution
Which surgical site infection (SSI) is most likely to occur after gastrointestinal surgery?
- A) Superficial incisional SSI
- B) Deep incisional SSI
- C) Organ or space SSI
- D) Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
Answer: C) Organ or space SSI
Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which aminoglycosides achieve bacterial kill?
- A) Disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis
- B) Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis
- C) Disruption of DNA replication
- D) Prevention of folic acid synthesis
Answer: B) Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis
. What is the major benefit of utilizing the shortest possible course of antibiotic therapy during surgery?
- A) Reduces resistance to antibiotics
- B) Minimizes cost of antibiotics
- C) Increases patient compliance
- D) Prevents postoperative complications
Answer: A) Reduces resistance to antibiotics
Which of the following infections is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation?
- A) Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
- B) Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
- C) Urinary catheter-associated UTI
- D) Surgical site infection
Answer: B) Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
Which cephalosporin generation provides the broadest spectrum of coverage against gram-negative bacteria?
- A) First generation
- B) Second generation
- C) Third generation
- D) Fourth generation
Answer: D) Fourth generation
Which bacteria are most likely to exhibit resistance due to altered penicillin-binding proteins?
- A) Escherichia coli
- B) Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C) Staphylococcus aureus
- D) Klebsiella pneumoniae
Answer: B) Streptococcus pneumoniae
Which factor increases the likelihood of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in hospital settings?
- A) Prior use of carbapenems
- B) Shorter hospital stay
- C) Use of non-invasive procedures
- D) Prolonged antibiotic use
Answer: D) Prolonged antibiotic use
Which antibiotic mechanism is responsible for inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV?
- A) Aminoglycosides
- B) Fluoroquinolones
- C) Beta-lactams
- D) Glycopeptides
Answer: B)
Answer: B) Fluoroquinolones
Why are patients on mechanical ventilators at increased risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia?
- A) Constant exposure to antibiotics
- B) Inability to clear secretions effectively
- C) High oxygen concentration in the lungs
- D) Limited mobility in hospital beds
Answer: B) Inability to clear secretions effectively
. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate strategy for preventing hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infections?
- A) Reducing unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
- B) Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers to kill spores
- C) Isolating infected patients
- D) Practicing enhanced environmental cleaning
Answer: B) Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers to kill spores
What is the primary difference between cefazolin (1st generation) and cefepime (4th generation)?
- A) Cefazolin is more effective against gram-negative organisms
- B) Cefepime penetrates the blood-brain barrier better than cefazolin
- C) Cefazolin is the drug of choice for gonorrhea
- D) Cefepime has more severe adverse effects
Answer: B) Cefepime penetrates the blood-brain barrier better than cefazolin
. Why is redosing of antibiotics necessary during long surgeries?
- A) To avoid bacterial resistance
- B) To maintain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
- C) To counteract effects of anesthesia
- D) To prevent postoperative fever
Answer: B) To maintain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Which of the following antibiotics can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, especially in older adults?
- A) Ciprofloxacin
- B) Vancomycin
- C) Gentamycin
- D) Metronidazole
Answer: C) Gentamycin
What is the role of beta-lactamase inhibitors when combined with beta-lactam antibiotics?
- A) They increase bacterial permeability to the drug
- B) They prevent bacterial enzyme-mediated antibiotic destruction
- C) They inhibit bacterial DNA replication
- D) They increase the dosage of the antibiotic required for efficacy
Answer: B) They prevent bacterial enzyme-mediated antibiotic destruction
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Which of the following represents an “organ or space” SSI?
- A) Infection limited to the skin surface
- B) Infection deep in the muscle layer
- C) Infection occurring in the peritoneal cavity
- D) Infection at the incision site
Answer: C) Infection occurring in the peritoneal cavity
Which strategy is commonly used to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)?
- A) Frequent hand washing
- B) Elevating the head of the bed
- C) Using antibiotics prophylactically
- D) Extending ventilation duration
Answer: B) Elevating the head of the bed
Which of the following is NOT typically used for perioperative prophylaxis in surgery?
- A) Cefazolin
- B) Metronidazole
- C) Vancomycin
- D) Clindamycin
Answer: D) Clindamycin
Why is metronidazole effective in treating anaerobic infections?
- A) It targets the bacterial cell wall
- B) It produces toxic metabolites in anaerobic bacteria
- C) It binds to bacterial ribosomes
- D) It prevents bacterial DNA replication
Answer: B) It produces toxic metabolites in anaerobic bacteria
Which of the following organisms is most commonly associated with biofilm formation on medical devices?
- A) Escherichia coli
- B) Staphylococcus epidermidis
- C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D) Klebsiella pneumoniae
Answer: B) Staphylococcus epidermidis
Which antibiotic class inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is frequently used as prophylaxis during surgery?
- A) Beta-lactams
- B) Aminoglycosides
- C) Fluoroquinolones
- D) Tetracyclines
Answer: A) Beta-lactams
. What is the most effective method to prevent the spread of Clostridium difficile in a healthcare setting?
- A) Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers
- B) Administering probiotics
- C) Proper handwashing with soap and water
- D) Preventive use of antibiotics
Answer: C) Proper handwashing with soap and water
What is the primary target for penicillin’s bactericidal action?
- A) Bacterial ribosomes
- B) Bacterial DNA
- C) Bacterial cell walls
- D) Bacterial RNA
Answer: C) Bacterial cell walls
Which surgical antibiotic class has been associated with an increased risk of colitis?
- A) Cephalosporins
- B) Fluoroquinolones
- C) Aminoglycosides
- D) Tetracyclines
Answer: A) Cephalosporins
What is the recommended prophylactic antibiotic for a patient allergic to penicillin undergoing surgery?
- A) Vancomycin
- B) Cefazolin
- C) Amoxicillin
- D) Clindamycin
Answer: D) Clindamycin
Which of the following is a major cause of postoperative infections following orthopedic surgery?
- A) MRSA
- B) Escherichia coli
- C) Streptococcus pyogenes
- D) Clostridium difficile
Answer: A) MRSA
. Which bacteria are commonly involved in urinary catheter-associated infections?
- A) Escherichia coli
- B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- C) Enterococcus faecalis
- D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
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Which antibiotic is most commonly recommended for preoperative prophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal surgery?
- A) Ciprofloxacin
- B) Metronidazole
- C) Vancomycin
- D) Cefoxitin
Answer: B) Metronidazole
What is the major role of oxygenation in preventing surgical site infections?
- A) Inhibiting bacterial replication
- B) Promoting wound healing
- C) Enhancing immune function in tissues
- D) Directly killing bacteria
Answer: B) Promoting wound healing
Why are beta-lactam antibiotics often ineffective against MRSA?
- A) MRSA produces beta-lactamase
- B) MRSA alters penicillin-binding proteins
- C) MRSA has thicker cell walls
- D) MRSA has altered DNA gyrase
Answer: B) MRSA alters penicillin-binding proteins
Which factor significantly increases the risk of Clostridium difficile infection following surgery?
- A) Preoperative fasting
- B) Postoperative opioid use
- C) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
- D) Use of localized anesthetics
Answer: C) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
. Which of the following is a key adverse effect associated with the use of carbapenems?
- A) Prolongation of the QT interval
- B) Seizures
- C) Hemolytic anemia
- D) Hepatotoxicity
Answer: B) Seizures
Answer: B) Seizures
this is due to binding with depakote, so situational
Why is the use of newer antibiotics generally discouraged unless absolutely necessary?
- A) They have higher toxicity levels
- B) They promote resistance to older, more common antibiotics
- C) They are too expensive for regular use
- D) They take longer to administer
Answer: B) They promote resistance to older, more common antibiotics
Which bacterial infection is most commonly acquired in a hospital setting and associated with prolonged antibiotic use?
- A) Clostridium difficile
- B) Escherichia coli
- C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D) Staphylococcus aureus
Answer: A) Clostridium difficile
Which of the following are common pathogens in surgical site infections (SSI) following orthopedic surgery?
- A) Enterococcus faecalis
- B) Staphylococcus aureus
- C) Clostridium difficile
- D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Answer: B) Staphylococcus aureus
Why is vancomycin the drug of choice for treating MRSA infections in hospitals?
- A) It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
- B) It inhibits bacterial DNA replication
- C) It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
- D) It targets bacterial ribosomes
Answer: C) It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
. Which of the following contribute to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Inability to clear respiratory secretions
- B) Prolonged mechanical ventilation
- C) Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics
- D) Use of non-invasive ventilation techniques
Answer: A) Inability to clear respiratory secretions, B) Prolonged mechanical ventilation, C) Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Which of the following conditions increase the risk of surgical site infections (SSI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Diabetes
- B) Obesity
- C) Immunosuppression
- D) Prolonged surgery duration
Answer: A) Diabetes, B) Obesity, C) Immunosuppression, D) Prolonged surgery duration
Which of the following antibiotics can cause “red man syndrome” as a side effect? (Select all that apply)
- A) Vancomycin
- B) Ciprofloxacin
- C) Metronidazole
- D) None of the above
Answer: A) Vancomycin
Which of the following antibiotics are effective against anaerobic infections? (Select all that apply)
- A) Metronidazole
- B) Clindamycin
- C) Vancomycin
- D) Amoxicillin
Answer: A) Metronidazole, B) Clindamycin
Which bacteria are common causes of bloodstream infections associated with central lines? (Select all that apply)
- A) Coagulase-negative staphylococci
- B) Enterococcus faecalis
- C) Klebsiella pneumoniae
- D) Streptococcus pneumoniae
Answer: A) Coagulase-negative staphylococci, B) Enterococcus faecalis, C) Klebsiella pneumoniae
Which of the following are mechanisms by which bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics? (Select all that apply)
- A) Mutation of target sites
- B) Efflux pump overexpression
- C) Horizontal gene transfer
- D) Capsule formation
Answer: A) Mutation of target sites, B) Efflux pump overexpression, C) Horizontal gene transfer
Which of the following antibiotic classes inhibit bacterial protein synthesis? (Select all that apply)
- A) Aminoglycosides
- B) Macrolides
- C) Beta-lactams
- D) Tetracyclines
Answer: A) Aminoglycosides, B) Macrolides, D) Tetracyclines
What are some ways that hospital staff can prevent the spread of Clostridium difficile? (Select all that apply)
- A) Isolating infected patients
- B) Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers
- C) Cleaning rooms with bleach-based solutions
- D) Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE)
Answer: A) Isolating infected patients, C) Cleaning rooms with bleach-based solutions, D) Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE
Which of the following factors contribute to the rise of antibiotic-resistant organisms in hospitals? (Select all that apply)
- A) Inappropriate use of antibiotics
- B) Over-prescription of antibiotics
- C) Delayed infection control practices
- D) Lack of patient education
Answer: A) Inappropriate use of antibiotics, B) Over-prescription of antibiotics, C) Delayed infection control practices
Which of the following bacteria are frequently implicated in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI)? (Select all that apply)
- A) Escherichia coli
- B) Proteus mirabilis
- C) Enterococcus faecalis
- D) Staphylococcus aureus
Answer: A) Escherichia coli, B) Proteus mirabilis, C) Enterococcus faecalis
Which of the following surgical procedures are at higher risk of postoperative infection? (Select all that apply)
- A) Abdominal surgery
- B) Hip replacement surgery
- C) Neurosurgery
- D) Cardiac surgery
Answer: A) Abdominal surgery, B) Hip replacement surgery, D) Cardiac surgery
. Which of the following factors enhance bacterial resistance in hospital-acquired infections? (Select all that apply)
- A) Incomplete antibiotic courses
- B) Excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
- C) Infrequent hand hygiene by healthcare workers
- D) Use of multiple antibiotics in combination therapy
Answer: A) Incomplete antibiotic courses, B) Excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, C) Infrequent hand hygiene by healthcare workers
Which organisms are commonly responsible for surgical site infections (SSI) after gastrointestinal surgery? (Select all that apply)
- A) Bacteroides fragilis
- B) Escherichia coli
- C) Clostridium difficile
- D) Staphylococcus aureus
Answer: A) Bacteroides fragilis, B) Escherichia coli
Which of the following represent effective methods to reduce the spread of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) in hospital settings? (Select all that apply)
- A) Regular surveillance cultures
- B) Antimicrobial stewardship programs
- C) Isolation of colonized patients
- D) Routine use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers
Answer: A) Regular surveillance cultures, B) Antimicrobial stewardship programs, C) Isolation of colonized patients
