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CSI > HAI > Flashcards

HAI Flashcards

1
Q

what is a reservoir?

A

reservoir of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally grows, and multiplies. e.g. humans, animals and the environment

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2
Q

give some examples of diseases without intermediaries

A

STDs, measles, mumps and streptococcal infection

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3
Q

why was smallpox eradicated after the last human case was identified and isolated?

A

humans were the only reservoir for the smallpox virus

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4
Q

what is meant by a carrier when referring to a human?

A

someone who is with inapparent infection but is capable of transmitting the pathogen to others

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5
Q

what is the difference between a carrier and a vector?

A

a carrier is infected even if they are asymptomatic, whereas a vector is not infected with the disease even if they have it on them

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6
Q

what are the three different types of carriers?

A

incubatory: those who can transmit the agent during the incubation period and before clinical illness begins

convalescent: those who recovered from illness but remain capable of transmitting to others

chronic: those who continue to harbour causative agent for weeks and months after initial infection

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7
Q

what is meant by zoonosis?

A

infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrae animals to humans

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8
Q

give five ways in which a pathogen can leave a host

A

respiratory tract

urine

feces

crossing placenta from mother to foetus

cuts or needles in skin

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9
Q

describe the three modes of indirect transmission

A

airborne transmission: occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air

vehicles: food, water, blood and fomites (inanimate objects)

vectors: mosquitoes, fleas and ticks may carry infectious agents through purely mechanical means

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10
Q

give 3 examples of non-specific factors that defend against infection

A

skin, mucous membrane, gastric acidity

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11
Q

how could vehicleborne transmissions be reduced?

A

elimination or decontamination of vehicle

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12
Q

how could airborne transmissions be reduced?

A

mofifying ventilation, or air pressure

filtering or treating the air

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13
Q

how could vectorborne transmission be reduced?

A

controlling vector population, such as spraying to reduce mosquito population

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14
Q

give 2 examples of interventions that aim to increase a host’s defence

A

vaccinations promote development of specific antibodies that protect against infection

prophylactic use of antimalarial drugs, prevents infection from taking root

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15
Q

what kind of intervention might prevent a pathogen from encountering a susceptible host?

A

herd immunity: suggests that if high enough proportion of individuals in a population are resistant to an agent, then those few who are susceptible will be protected by resistant majority, since pathogens will be unlikely to find the few susceptible individuals.

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16
Q

what is the definition of a hospital acquired infection?

A

an infection that patients get while receiving tratment for medical or surgical conditions

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17
Q

where might HAIs become more of a problem in outpatient settings??

A

often have limited capacity for infection control as compared to acute care setting?

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18
Q

what are the 4 main risk factors of HAI?

A

medical procedures and antibiotic uses

organisational factors

patient characteristics

behaviour of healthcare staff

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19
Q

list some ways in which HAIs can be prevented

A

increased compliance with and adoption of best practices of healthcare workers

careful insertion, maintenance and prompt removal or catheters

advance development of effective prevention tools

explore new prevention approaches

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20
Q

what is a bacterial cell wall made of?

A

lipid bilayer membrane

peptidoglycan (murein) matrix

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21
Q

what are the differences in cell walls between gram negative and gram positive bacteria?

A

gram positive: build thick peptidoglycan sheath around a single membrane

gram negative: build thin layer of peptidoglycan between two lipopolysaccharide membranes

22
Q

what colour is gram negative/positive bacteria?

A

-ve: red/pink

+ve: purple

23
Q

if someone has an infection, what are their WBC count, CRP level and respiratory rate?

A

high WBC count

high CRP level

high respiratory rate

24
Q

what are the components of a single molecule of peptidoglycan?

A

2 sugars

short chain of amino acids

peptide bridge

25
Q

how is the peptidoglycan matrix formed?

A

peptidoglycan production prevented by penicillin so cell bursts due to osmotic pressure

26
Q

what is D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase transpeptidase also known as and what is its function?

A

penicillin binding protein

assists with peptidoglycan matrix assembling by creating crosslinks between chains

27
Q

describe the mechanism by which penicillin prevents peptidoglycan production

A

penicillin’s beta-lactam ring binds to key serine on the penicillin-binding protein’s active site. this inactivates enzyme and prevents formation of peptidoglycan matrix

28
Q

how does altered target site antibiotic resistance work?

A

acquisition of alternative gene or a gene that encodes a target-modifying enzyme

alters structural conformation of protein that antibiotic targets

29
Q

how does MRSA (strain of S. aureus) evade beta-lactam containing antibiotics?

A

expresses penicillin-binding protein 2a with an altered active site that does not bind to the beta-lactam ring in these antibiotics

30
Q

explain how antibiotics can be inactivated?

A

enzyme degradation or alteration rendering antibiotic ineffective

inactivation can also be enzyme independent

31
Q

how else can bacteria evade beta-lactam-containing antibiotics?

A

they can express a beta-lactamase enzyme which breaks beta-lactam of antibiotic, rendering the antibiotic useless

32
Q

what is the name of a gene that is crucial in producing beta-lactamase enzyme and what does the enzyme do?

A

NSM-1: production of New-Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme

This enzyme type can break down almost all known beta-lactamase drugs

33
Q

what is a beta-lactamase inhibitor?

A

medication used to inhibit the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics (with beta-lactamase) inhibitor

34
Q

giving an example, how can antibiotics overcome bacteria that produce beta-lactamase?

A

ampicillin and clavulanic acid: have beta-lactamase inhibitors, allowing antibiotic to inhibit penicillin-binding protein freely

35
Q

what is co-amoxiclav?

A

antibiotic consisting of both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

36
Q

what is meant by horizontal gene transfer?

A

process in which organism transfers genetic material (plasmids) to another organism that isn’t offspring

37
Q

what is meant by vertical gene transfer?

A

transfer of genetic information including any genetic mutations from a parent to its offspring

38
Q

how can antibiotic resistance within one population of bacteria spread to another population?

A

horizontal gene transfer from species with resistance to species without resistance

this involves transfer of plasmids

vertical gene transfer of plasmids from one generation in species that previously did not have resistance, to the next generation

39
Q

when does antibiotic resistance occur?

A

when germs like fungi and bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. germs aren’t killed and continue to grow

40
Q

what are antimicrobials?

A

drugs used to treat infections and disease caused by microbes

41
Q

what are the 2 types of microbes?

A

bacteria (treated with antibiotics) and fungal (treated with antifungals)

42
Q

where do you typically find antibiotic resistant DNA in bacteria?

A

Plasmids (small pieces of DNA that carry genetic instructions from one germ to another)

43
Q

what gram of bacteria have an outer layer that protects from their antibiotic drugs?

A

gram negative

44
Q

how do germs get rid of antibiotics?

A

use pumps in their cell walls to remove antibiotic drugs that enter the cell

e.g. some psudomonas aeruginose bacteria can produce pumps to get rid of several different important antibiotic drugs, including fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim

45
Q

what other resistance mechanisms can bacteria use?

A

change or destroy antibiotics using an enzyme

bypass the effects of the antibiotic- develop new cell processes that avoid using the antibiotic’s target

change the targets for the antibiotic- germs change the antibiotic’s target so the drug can no longer fit and do it’s job

46
Q

what is sepsis?

A

body’s extreme response to an infection which can rapidly lead to tissue damage, organ failure and death

47
Q

what is meant by a shock?

A

imbalance in supply and demand

48
Q

what is the sequence of septic shock?

A

hypertension (high BP) > tachycardia (high heart rate) > tachypnoea (high respiratory rate)

49
Q

how are antibodies administered during sepsis?

A

intravenously because they have a faster delivery than oral antibiotics

50
Q

what form of penicillin is suitable for oral use?

A

penicillin V

51
Q

how can an altered metabolism profile lead to antibiotic evasion?

A

increased production of enzyme substrate can out compete antibiotic inhibitor or the bacteria can just switch to another metabolic pathway

52
Q

what 2 HAIs did the HAI objectives for Healthy People 2020 address?

A

CLABSI (Central Line Associated BloodStream Infections): when germs enter the bloodstream through the central line

MRSA: causes life threatening bloodstream infections, pneumonia and surgical site infections

CSI (9 decks)

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