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Physiology haemotopoietic stem cells > Haemotopoietic stem cells > Flashcards

Haemotopoietic stem cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 features of stem cells?

A

Self re-new
Longevity
Differentiate: make a daughter cell different to themselves

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2
Q

Totipotent

A

A single cell can divide and produce all of the specialised cells in an organ

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3
Q

Pluripotent

A

A cell that can differentiate into any of the 3 germ layers

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4
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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5
Q

Plastocyst

A

First embryonic stage where totipotency can be seen

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6
Q

Haematopoietic stem cell

A

The source of all different cells in the blood e.g. RBC, platelets, leukocytes, macrophages

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7
Q

Hydrogen fusion weapon

A

The exclusion zone was not large enough so people were exposed to atomic radiation.
Skin breaks down, hair falls out, GI bleeding as lining is lost, inability to fight off infection.

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8
Q

What tissues are the most susceptible to radiation damage?

A

Tissues that undergo mitosis

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9
Q

Different components of the immune system

A

Humoural, Cellular, innate (no learning), adaptive (learning)

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10
Q

What is humoural immunity?

A

Immunity mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids e.g. antibodies, complement proteins, antimicrobial peptides, cytokines

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11
Q

HI

Cytokines

A

Proteins that stimulate or inhibit cell differentiation and proliferation

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12
Q

HI

Antibodies

A

Multi chain glycoproteins that are produced by B-lymphocytes and contain a variable region, binding site and constant region

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13
Q

HI

Complement

A

Soluble proteins that complement the action of antibodies, can kill pathogens directly, produced by the liver

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14
Q

Leukocytes

A

Nucleated blood cells

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15
Q

What are the 3 main cells of the immune system

A

Lymphocytes
Granulocytes
Phagocytes

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16
Q

Lymphocytes include:

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells

17
Q

Granulocytes include:

A

Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

18
Q

Phagocytes include:

A

Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils

19
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Small nucleated leukocytes that create specificity in the immune response. Found in the blood, tissue and lymph.
Either T or B cells

20
Q

T cells

A

Made in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
Express a specific antigen receptor
Are called alpha,beta TCR or Gamma, delta TCR
Important for:
Regulating adaptive memory
Killing virally infected cells
Enhance B cell response and phagocyte killing of intracellular bacteria

21
Q

Di George syndrome

A 
No mature T cells produced
Thymus does not develop properly 
Immunoglobulin levels disturbed 
Pneumonia, diarrhoea
Immunoglobulin levels disturbed

Treatment: prophylactic antibodies
Thymus transplant is not adequate as this will produce T cells that are incompatible with the host cells- all cells would be recognised as foreign

22
Q

B cells

A

Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Produced and mature within the bone marrow
Express immunoglobulin as the surface antigen and receptor antigen
B cells and antibodies attack extracellular pathogens

23
Q

X linked infantile

A

Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Inability to produce immunoglobulin
Patients show recurrent bacterial infection
Treatment: bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant, immunoglobulin therapy, prophylactic antibodies

24
Q

What does adaptive immunity show?

A

Learning
Memory
Specific antigen receptors

25
Q

What does innate immunity show?

A

No capacity to learn
No memory
NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, complement

26
Q

Phagocytes: neutrophils

A

phagocytes and granulocytes
single multi-lobed nucleus
Fine granules contain proteases and antimicrobial effector molecules

27
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Neutrophils move to the site of infection by following a chemical gradient.

28
Q

Granulocytes: Eosinophil

A

Can be stained with eosin
Responsible for killing parasites that cannot be digested
Bind antibody coated parasites, dissolve the cell surface

29
Q

Basophils and mast cells

A

Basophils are circulating cells but mast cells inhabit the mucosa and connective tissue
Involved in the acute inflammatory response
Important in allergy and hypersensitivity
Expel lung parasites

30
Q

Morula

A

Bundle of cells

31
Q

How do you create a host/pseudo pregnant mother?

A

Fertilisation, bundle of cells, stem cell behaviour as cells differentiate, morula broken up into single cells and implanted into host/pseudo mother

Physiology haemotopoietic stem cells (1 decks)

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