Haemorrhage and Shock

Question 1

What are the 4 types of shock?

Answer 1

Cardiogenic
Hypovolaemic
Septic
Anaphylactic

Question 2

What are some symptoms of shock?

Answer 2

Anxiety
Tiredness
Intense thirst
Rapid and weak pulse
Decreased pulse pressure
Veins of skin collapse
Pale and cold skin

Question 3

What happens if the compensatory mechanisms can’t restore blood pressure and function?

Answer 3

Leads to refractory shock (irreversible) –> death

Question 4

What is shock?

Answer 4

Acute failure of the cardiovascular system to supply nutritional blood flow to all tissues

Question 5

What is hypovolaemic shock?

Answer 5

Fall in circulating blood volume
- haemorrhage
- loss of fluid through vomiting or diarrhoea

Question 6

What is cardiogenic shock and what can it be caused by?

Answer 6

Mechanical or electrical failure of the ventricles
MI
Tamponade - fluid or gas in pericardial space

Question 7

What is septicaemic shock and what does it result in?

Answer 7

Vasodilation due to bacterial toxins
Drop in blood pressure

Question 8

Compensatory mechanisms in haemorrhage and shock for 750ml blood loss

Answer 8

Slightly anxious
Heart rate < 100/min
Urine production 30ml/h
Respiration 14-20/min

Question 9

Compensatory mechanisms in haemorrhage and shock for 750-1500ml blood loss

Answer 9

Mildly anxious
Heart rate > 100/min
Urine production 20-30ml/h
Respiration 20-30/min
Decreased pulse pressure

Question 10

Compensatory mechanisms in haemorrhage and shock for 1500-2000ml blood loss

Answer 10

Confused and anxious
Heart rate > 120/min
Urine production 5-15ml/h
Respiration 30-40/min
Decreased blood and pulse pressure

Question 11

Compensatory mechanisms in haemorrhage and shock for >2000ml blood loss

Answer 11

Confused and lethargic
Heart rate >140/min
Negligible urine production
Respiration >35/min
Big decrease in blood and pulse pressure

Question 12

What happens to the sympathetic activity in haemorrhage and shock and what happens as a result of this?

Answer 12

Sympathetic activity increases

Increased vasoconstriction
Increased heart rate
Increased cardiac contractility
ADH induced –> water reabsorption in kidneys
Increased blood pressure and blood volume

Question 13

What happens to Starling’s forces in haemorrhage?

Answer 13

Reduced hydrostatic pressure
Increased oncotic pressure
Absorption of water from interstitium