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YEAR 3 HAEM > HAEMOPOIESIS > Flashcards

HAEMOPOIESIS Flashcards

1
Q

what is haemopoiesis

A

production of blood cells from a pool of pluripotent stem cells capable of making all different types of blood cells

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2
Q

what is the site of haemopoiesis in an embryo

A

yolk sac then liver then marrow

spleen

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3
Q

when does the spleen become a site for haemopoiesis in the embryo

A

3rd to 7th month

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4
Q

what is the site of haemopoiesis at birth

A

mostly bone marrow

liver and spleen when needed

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5
Q

what is the site of haemopoiesis in children

A

mainly long bones of limbs

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6
Q

as you grow the number of active sites in bone marrow for haemopoiesis increases/decreases

A

decreases

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7
Q

as you grow, ____ bone marrow is replaced with ___ bone marrow

A

red marrow replaced with yellow marrow

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8
Q

when you are born what bones have red marrow and are involved in haemopoiesis

A

all

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9
Q

what is the site of haemopoiesis in adults

A

bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur (axial skeleton)

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10
Q

what layer do haemopoietic stem cells originate

A

mesoderm

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11
Q

what is meant by differentiation of a stem cell

A

development of features of a specialised end cell population from stem cell

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12
Q

stem cells are capable of ____

A

self renewal

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13
Q

most stem cells are active

true/false

A

false

most sit in a quiescent state

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14
Q

what organelles do fully differentiated red blood cells lack

A

nucleus

mitochondria

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15
Q

what is the formation of granulocytes called

A

granulopoiesis

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16
Q

what cells are part of the myeloid lineage

A 
red blood cells 
granulocytes 
platelets 
monocytes
mast cell
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17
Q

from what cells do granulocytes develop

A

myeloblasts

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18
Q

when does haemoglobin begin to be produced in the development of RBCs

A

polychromatophilic / intermediate normoblast

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19
Q

at what point in the development of RBCs does the nucleus shrink and all haemoglobin present

A

orthrochromatic / late normoblast

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20
Q

when is the nucleus extruded in the development of RBCs

A

orthochromatic / late normoblast —> reticulocyte

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21
Q

what makes reticulocyte polychromatic

A

contains RNA

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22
Q

from what cells are platelets derived

A

megakaryocytes

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23
Q

how are platelets formed

A

budding from megakaryocytes

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24
Q

what is the lifespan of a platelet

A

7 - 10 days

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25
Q

what is the nucleus of a megakaryocyte like

A

lobulated

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocyte

A

eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

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27
Q

what are granulocytes names based on

A

the dye they take up - eosin or basic dye

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28
Q

granulocytes contain ___ that are easily visible on light microscope

A

granules

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29
Q

what can be used to tell blood cell precursors apart

A

immunophenotyping

bio-assay

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30
Q

what is immunophenotyping

A

telling cells apart based on the antigen they express on their cell membrane - add a specific antibody with fluorescent tag which will bind to specific antigen - target cell will light up

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31
Q

what is a reticulocyte

A

immature red blood cell that circulates before maturing

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32
Q

what is marginisation

name a drug that reduces it

A

process by which neutrophils leave the blood stream

steroids

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33
Q

name 2 drugs that can cause agranulocytosis

A

carbimazole

clozapine

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34
Q

what is the nucleus of a neutrophil like

A

multilobular segmented nucleus

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35
Q

what is another name for a neutrophil

A

polymorph

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36
Q

the granules of neutrophils are ____ stain

A

neutral

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37
Q

neutrophils have fine granulation and a ___ hue to the cytoplasm

A

lilac

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38
Q

neutrophils have a short/long life in circulation and then transit to ____

A

short

tissues

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39
Q

what is the function of a neutrophil

A

phagocytose invaders - APC
attract other cells
acute inflammation

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40
Q

how do neutrophils kill other cells

A

phagocytosis - kill with granule contents and die in process

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41
Q

in what situations would neutrophil count be raised

A

infection
trauma
infarction

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42
Q

what is the nucleus of an eosinophil like

A

bi-lobed / horse shoe shaped

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43
Q

what colour are the granules in eosinophils

A

bright red-orange

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44
Q

what is the function of eosinophils

A

fight parasitic infections

involved in hypersensitivity allergic reactions

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45
Q

what are 2 conditions in which you would see raised levels of eosinophils

A

asthma

atopic rhinitis

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46
Q

what is the name of the vasculitis that shows raised eosinophils

A

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with polyangitis

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47
Q

describe the granules of basophils

A

purple/blue-black granules overlying the nucleus

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48
Q

basophils are a circulating version of ____

A

tissue mast cells

49
Q

basophils are common/uncommon in circulation

A

uncommon

50
Q

give 2 conditions in which basophils may be raised

A

CML

PRV

51
Q

when basophils degranulate what do they release

A

histamine

52
Q

what do the Fc receptors of basophils bind to

A

IgE

53
Q

what is the cell that is a precursor to macrophages

A

monocyte

54
Q

what is the nucleus of a monocyte like

A

large single nucleus - kidney bean shaped

55
Q

what are the granules of monocytes like

A

faintly staining, often vacuolated

56
Q

what colour is the cytoplasm of a monocyte

A

large pale blue cytoplasm

57
Q

monocytes have the same lineage as ____

A

granulocytes

58
Q

how long do monocytes stay in circulation before entering tissues to become macrophages

A

1 week

59
Q

what is the function of monocytes

A

phagocytose invaders - APC

attract other cells

60
Q

are monocytes or neutrophils more long lived

A

monocytes

61
Q

what are some conditions where neutrophil count would be rasied

A

chronic bacterial infection
SLE, RA
lymphoma / leukaemia

62
Q

describe the structure of a mature lymphocyte

A

small with condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm

- nucleus has areas of condensed / clumped chromatin

63
Q

what is an atypical lymphocyte

A

activated

64
Q

describe an atypical/activated lymphocyte

A

large with plentiful blue cytoplasm extending around neighbouring red cells on the film
- nucleus more open structure

65
Q

what are the sub-types of lymphocytes

A

B T and NK

66
Q

what is a condition where atypical lymphocytes can be seen

A

glandular fever

67
Q

what is a bio-assay

A

culture in vitro and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions

68
Q

what is automated cell counting

A

looks at physical principles e.g. cell size and light scattering properties

69
Q

what is the site of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in adult

A

PSIS

or sternum

70
Q

what kind of needle is used to obtain a core biopsy from bone marrow

A

jamshidi needle

71
Q

do platelets have a nucleus

A

no

72
Q

what is the role of monocytes

A

modulate immune reactions

73
Q

what is the function of B cells

A

humoral immunity

74
Q

what is the function of T cells

A

cell mediated immunity and regulatory functions

75
Q

what is the function of NK cells

A

anti-viral / tumour

76
Q

what is the life span of a RBC

A

120 days

77
Q

what is the lifespan of a neutrophil

A

7-8 hours

78
Q

what cell becomes deficient first in bone marrow suppression

A

neutrophils

79
Q

megakaryocytes are ___ploid

A

poly

80
Q

what is a myelocyte

A

nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

81
Q

what is meant by self renewal

A

one of the daughter cells will be a haemopoeitic stem cell identical to the mother cell - can divide forever

82
Q

give 5 steps in haemopoiesis

A 
self renewal
proliferation
differentiation 
maturation
apoptosis
83
Q

can proliferation and maturation occur at the same time

A

yes

84
Q

stem cells are active/dormant during steady state haemopoiesis

A

dormant

85
Q

circulating committed progenitors are detectable as early as week _

A

5

86
Q

what is the first site of erythroid activity

A

yolk sac

87
Q

when does the yolk sac cease to be a site of erythroid activity

A

week 10

88
Q

the liver starts as a site of erythroid activity at week _

A

6

89
Q

the bone marrow starts as a site of erythroid activity by week _

A

16

90
Q

what is the site of bone marrow biopsy in a child

A

anterior tibia

91
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the bone marrow

A

cellular
connective tissue matrix
vascular elements

92
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the cellular compartment of the bone marrow

A

haemopoietic cells

non-haemopoietic cells

93
Q

what are the 4 types of non-haemopoietic cells

A

adipocytes
fibroblasts
osteoclasts
osteoblasts

94
Q

in the bone marrow, arterioles drain into _____ which open into larger ____ ____

A

sinuses

central sinuses

95
Q

what are 2 differences between sinuses and capillaries

A

sinuses are larger and have a discontinuous basement membrane

96
Q

what is the purpose of the discontinuous basement membrane of sinuses

A

allows formed blood cells to enter circulation

97
Q

what are the gaps in the basement membrane called

A

fenestrations

98
Q

what changes to the sinuses are associated with the release of RBCs

A

sinusoidal dilatation

increased blood flow

99
Q

what cells actively migrate towards the sinusoid

A

neutrophils

100
Q

what cells contain smooth muscle - dilate and constrict to increase or decrease blood flow

A

adventitial cells

101
Q

megakaryocytes extend what into the sinusoidal blood vessels

A

long branching processes called proplatelets

102
Q

what is meant by the term “red marrow”

A

haemopoietically active

103
Q

what is meant by the term “yellow marrow”

A

fatty and inactive

104
Q

marrow cellularity is increased / decreased with age

A

decreased

105
Q

what is the myeloid : erythroid ratio

A

relationship between neutrophils and precursors to the proportion of nucleated red cell precursors

106
Q

what is a normal range of myeloid : erythroid ratio

A

1.5:1 to 3.3:1

107
Q

give an example when the myeloid : erythroid ratio would be reversed as a compensatory response

A

haemolysis

108
Q

what 3 things regulate haemopoiesis

A

intrinsic properties of cells
micro-environmental factors
specific anatomical area (niche)

109
Q

what does erythropoietin respond to

A

hypoxia

110
Q

what regulates neutrophil precursor maturation

A

G-CSF (granulocyte - colony stimulating factor)

111
Q

what regulates growth and development of megakaryocytes from precursors

A

thrombopoietin

112
Q

erythroid islands nurse ____

A

macrophages

113
Q

describe the microenvironmental regulation of haemopoiesis

A

the niche occupied by haemopoietic stem cells is around vasculature (arteriole or sinusoid) and provides access to different signals (cytokines)

114
Q

when can a niche be altered

A

diseased states or with therapy

115
Q

how do we assess non-lymphoid mature cells

A

blood count / morphology

116
Q

how do we assess lymphoid cells

A

immunophenotyping

117
Q

how do we assess precursor cells

A

bone marrow aspirate

118
Q

are haemopoeitic progenitor/stem cells distinguishable

A

no - need immunophenotyping or bio assay or cytochemistry

YEAR 3 HAEM (2 decks)

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