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Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What cell types are included in granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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2
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytosis/acute inflammation

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3
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A
  • Destroy parasites
  • Modulate hypersensitivity reactions
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4
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Not sure of function but they have a role in modulating hypersensitivity reactions

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5
Q

What do red cells do?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Primary Haemostasis

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7
Q

What is another name for monocytes and what do they do?

A

Macrophages - modulate immune reactions, phagocytise clearance, regulatory functions

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8
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes and what are their functions?

A
  • B cells - humoral immunity
  • T cells - cell-mediated immunity, regulatory functions
  • Natural killer cells - anti-viral/tumour
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9
Q

What is myelopoiesis?

A

Production of granulocytes i.e. non-lymphoid WBCs

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10
Q

What is the lifespan of red cells?

A

120 days

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11
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

7-8 hours

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12
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

7-10 days

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13
Q

What is a blast?

A

A nucleated precursor cell e.g. myeloblast, erythroblast

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14
Q

What is a megakaryocyte?

A

Platelet precursor, polyploid

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15
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

Immediate red cell precursor - polychromasia

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16
Q

What are myelocytes?

A

Nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

17
Q

Where do all haemopoietic cells come from?

A

Haemopoeitic stem cells

18
Q

Name the haemopoietic cells with a myeloid precursor

A

RBCs, platelets, granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils), macrophages and dendritic cells

19
Q

Name the haemopoietic cells with a lymphoid precursor

A

T cells, NK cells, B cells and dendritic cells

20
Q

Where do haemopoietic stem cells originate in embryos?

21
Q

When do the liver and bone marrow begin haemopoiesis in embryos?

A
  • Liver starts by week 6
  • Bone marrow starts by week 16
22
Q

Where does haemopoiesis occur in adults?

A

Bone marrow exclusively - axial skeleton, pelvis and proximal long bones

23
Q

Where is a bone marrow biopsy performed in children and in adults respectively?

A
  • Children - tibia
  • Adults - iliac crests
24
Q

What are the compartments of bone marrow?

A
  • Cellular - haemopoietic cells and non-haemopoietic cells e.g. adipocyes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
  • Connective tissue matrix
  • Vascular elements
25
What are venous sinuses and what are their role in bone marrow vasculature?
* In contrast to capillaries, sinuses are larger and have a discontinuous membrane * Arterioles drain into sinuses - wide venous vessels, which open into larger central sinuses
26
What is the function of the adventitial cells located on bone marrow sinuses?
They contain smooth muscle fibres and so can contract to open or close the sinus
27
How do formed blood cells enter the circulation?
They pass through fenestrations in endothelial cells
28
What is the release of red cells associated with?
Sinusoidal dilatation and increased blood flow
29
What cell type actively migrates towards the sinusoid during release of red cells into the circulation?
Neutrophils
30
What do megakaryocytes do during release of red cells from the marrow?
Extend long branching processes called **proplatelets** into the sinusoidal blood vessels
31
What is the difference between red and yellow marrow and when does yellow marrow increase?
* Red marrow is haemopoietically active, yellow marrow is not (fatty marrow) * Increase in yellow marrow is seen with age which results in reduction in marrow cellularity in older individuals
32
What is the myeloid:erythroid ratio, what is the normal value and when can this change?
* Relationship of neutrophils and precursors to proportion of nucleated red cell precursors * Ranges from 1.5:1 to 3.3:1 i.e. myeloid is higher than erythroid in health * Can reverse in people with anaemia and people who are haemolysing as this stimulates a compensatory response in the erythroid cells
33
What is shown in the following diagram in relation to regulation of haemopoiesis?
* Erythroid islands - 'nurse' macrophages * Macrophage is in center
34
What regulates neutrophil precursor maturation?
* G-CSF * Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
35
What is the name of the substance that regulates growth and development of megakaryocytes from their precursors?
Thrombopoietin
36
How is haemopoiesis investigated?
* Blood count, cell indices, morphology (blood film) * Less common - bone marrow examination
37
In which kind of cells is blood count/morphological assessment often sufficient?
Non-lymphoid cells e.g. granulocytes, plasma cells, RBCs
38
What is the name for investigating antigen expression using specific antibodies (indicating lineage or stage of development)? In what cell type is this test requried?
* Immunophenotyping * Required for lymphoid cells e.g. B cells, T cells

Haematology (22 decks)

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