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Haematology > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoiesis

A

The formation of blood cells

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2
Q

Name the three types of mature blood cells

A

Red cells (erythrocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
White cells (leukocytes)

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3
Q

State the two blood cells that don’t have a nucleus

A

RBCs (erythrocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

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4
Q

Name the three sub types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
Monocytes/macrophages
Lymphocytes

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5
Q

Name the three white cell granulocytes and state their function

A

Neutrophils (phagocytosis/acute inflammation)
Eosinophils (parasites, hypersensitivity)
Basophils (hypersensitivity)

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6
Q

State the 2 main function of monocytes/macrophages

A

They modulate immune reactions
They are involved in Phagocytic clearance

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7
Q

Name the three types of lymphocytes and state their function

A

B cells (humoral immunity)
T cells (cell-mediated immunity)
NK cells (anti-viral/tumour)

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8
Q

Red cell lifespan

A

120 days

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9
Q

Neutrophil lifespan

A

7-8 hours

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10
Q

Platelets lifespan

A

7-10 days

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11
Q

If a cells name ends in -blast, what does this mean?

A

It is a nucleated precursor cell

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12
Q

State the name for RBC, platelet & neutrophil precursors

A

Erythrocyte - (erythroblast & then) Reticulocyte
Platelet - Megakaryocyte
Neutrophil - (myeloblast & then) Myelocyte

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13
Q

What can form from a myeloid precursor cell

A

Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Granulocytes (neutrophils/basophils/eosinophils)
Monocytes/macrophages

(+ dendritic cells)

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14
Q

What can form from a lymphoid precursor cell

A

Lymphocytes
- T cells
- B cells/ plasma cells
- NK cells

(+ Dendritic cells)

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15
Q

What is self renewal & what cell type has this property

A

Every time a stem cell divides it produces one cell that is exactly like its self (self renewal) & one cell that is not

HSC can self renew, progenitor cells cant

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16
Q

Proliferation vs differentiation vs maturation

A
  • Proliferation - Increase in numbers
  • Differentiation - Descendants commit to one or more lineages
  • Maturation - Descendants acquire functional properties & may stop proliferating
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17
Q

Haemopoietic stem cell vs progenitor cells vs precursor cells

A
  • HSC - can self renew & differentiate into any blood cell type
  • Progenitor cell type - can differentiate into multiple blood cell types
  • Precursor cells (aka blast cells) - can only differentiate into one cell type
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18
Q

What are the three different meanings of the term ‘myeloid’

A

‘Marrow’ e.g. myeloid malignancy
‘Non-lymphoid lineage’ e.g. myeloid lineage
‘Granulocyte’ e.g. myeloid:erythroid ratio

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19
Q

Red vs yellow marrow

A

Red marrow - haemopoietically active
Yellow marrow - fatty & inactive

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20
Q

Where do HSCs originate from embryonically

A

The mesoderm

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21
Q

Where is the first site of erythroid activity and how long does this last for?

A

Yolk sac (stops by week 10)

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22
Q

When does haemopoiesis start in the liver

A

By week 6

23
Q

When does haemopoiesis start in the bone marrow

A

By week 16

24
Q

Where does haemopoiesis occur in an adult

A

Bone marrow of axial skeleton, pelvis, & proximal long bones

25
Q

When does haemopoiesis start in the spleen

A

By week 10

26
Q

Where would you take a bone marrow biopsy from in an adult vs child (less than 18 months)

A

Adult - Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
Child (less than 18 months) - Leg bone e.g. tibia

27
Q

Describe the structure of a bone marrow venous sinuses & explain its relevance

A
  • fenestrated endothelium &
  • discontinuous basement membranes
  • allows blood cells to enter the circulation
28
Q

Describe the structure (4 components) of bone marrow

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Vascular elements (periosteal artery network & sinusoids)
  • Haemopoietic cells
  • Other cells (adipocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts/clasts)
29
Q

Where do blood cells pass through in the bone marrow in order to enter circulation

A

Fenestrations in endothelial cells of sinusoids

30
Q

What changes in the sinusoids are associated with RBC release

A

Sinusoidal dilatation &
Increased blood flow

31
Q

How are thrombocytes released into sinusoidal blood vessels

A

Through proplatelets (long branching processes of megakaryocytes that connect to the sinusoids)

32
Q

What is the myeloid:erythroid ratio

A

The M:E ratio indicates the relative numbers of myeloid lineage cells (all granulocytic and monocytic cells) to nucleated erythroid precursors in marrow

33
Q

What are the three main factors that regulate haemopoiesis

A

Intrinsic properties of cells (e.g stem cells vs progenitor cells vs mature cells)

Signals from immediate surroundings and the periphery (microenvironmental factors)

Specific anatomical area (‘niche’) for optimal developmental signals

34
Q

What signalling molecule regulates RBC, neutrophil & platelet production

A

Erythrocytes - erythropoietin
Neutrophils - granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
Platelets - thrombopoietin

35
Q

Describe eosinophil, neutrophil, monocyte & lymphocyte morphology

A
  • Eosinophils - tomatoes with sunglasses
  • Neutrophil - multi lobed nucleus, granulocytes
  • Monocytes - big chunky cell, single lobed, kidney bean nucleus, ‘ground glass’ cytoplasm
  • Lymphocyte - large purple nucleus
36
Q

What investigations are used to assess haemopoiesis of non-lymphoid mature cells

A

MORPHOLOGY!
- First line - FBC, cell indices & blood film
- Specialist test - bone marrow examination

37
Q

What investigations are used to assess haemopoiesis of lymphoid mature cells and why is it different from non-lymphoid mature cells

A
  • Immunophenotyping
  • Not blood film as the different lymphoid lineages (& HSCs & progenitors & myeloblasts) are all morphologically similar
38
Q

How does immunophenotyping work

A

Identify patterns of protein (antigen) expression unique to a cell lineage

Use antibodies (in combination) specific to different antigens

39
Q

What is the name of the process that produces erythrocytes

A

Erythropoiesis

40
Q

What is the name of the process that produces thrombocytes

A

Thrombopoiesis

41
Q

What is the name of the process that produces granulocytes

A

Myelopoiesis OR granulopoiesis

42
Q

What is the name of the process that produces monocytes

A

Monocytopoiesis

43
Q

What is the name of the process that produces lymphocytes

A

Lymphopoiesis

44
Q

Haemopoietic stem cells & progenitor cells are based mainly in the bone marrow in adults. Where would you expect a higher proportion of HSCs in blood than normal

A

Umbilical cord blood

45
Q

Where in the bone marrow do macrophage develop

A

Erythroid islands

46
Q

What happens to the myeloid:erythroid ratio in acute blood loss

A

Decreases

47
Q

What happens to the myeloid:erythroid ratio in haemolysis

A

Decreases

48
Q

What happens to the myeloid:erythroid ratio in post pneumonic empyema

A

Increases

49
Q

What happens to the myeloid:erythroid ratio in post pneumonic empyema

A

Increase

50
Q

Why is morphology not useful for identifying haemopoietic progenitors and/or stem cells?
What technique is helpful to assign lineage to cells when morphology is unreliable?

A

HSCs & progenitors & myeloblasts & lymphocytes have similar morphology
Immunophenotyping is used instead

51
Q

Other than bone marrow, where are sinusoids found

A

Liver & spleen

52
Q

Immunophenotyping vs immunohistochemistry

A
53
Q

Why is bone marrow biopsy not indicated in situations where the change in blood count is reactive?

A

Haematology (22 decks)

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