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Haematology and Transfusion > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

A tightly regulated process that forms blood cells

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2
Q

What are the processes of haemopoiesis?

A
  1. Erythropoiesis- red cell production (erythrocytes). Transport 02 from lungs to tissues
  2. Leucopoiesis- white cell production (leucocytes) defend body against infection
  3. Thrombopoiesis- platelet production (thrombocytes) prevent blood loss at site of injury
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3
Q

Label this diagram

A
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4
Q

What is haemopoiesis regulated by?

A
  • Growth factors
  • Cytokines
  • Environmental factors
  • Apoptosis
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5
Q

Ontogeny of Haemopoiesis in adults, infants and foetus

A

Adults

•Bone marrow of Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum and pelvis, proximal ends of femurv

Infants

•Bone marrow (practically all bones)

Foetus

  • 0–2 months (yolk sac of embryo)
  • 2–7 months (liver, spleen)
  • 5–9 months (bone marrow)- at birth sole site
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6
Q

Haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells

A

Haemostasis begins with pluripotent stem cell also called haemopoetic stem cell there are about 11000-22000 per individual

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7
Q

Bone marrow stroma

A
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8
Q

One single cell can secrete many different growth factors in response to various stimuli, each can impact on:

A
  1. Different cell types
  2. Have a different effect when they are acting lone or in combination with other growth factors
  3. Sequence of a growth factors activity
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9
Q

Give some examples of growth factors

A
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10
Q

Summary: role of growth factors in haemopoiesis

A
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11
Q

Apoptosis is programmed cell death

Morphologically it is characterised by:

A
  1. Cell shrinkage
  2. Condensation of nuclear chromatin
  3. Fragmentation of the nucleus
  4. Cleavage of DNA at internucleosomal sites
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12
Q

What is erythropoesis?

A

Formation of RBC

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13
Q

What is the normal concentration of RBC in the blood?

A

Normal concentration in the blood 3.9-6.5 X 1012/L

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14
Q

Key steps involved in red cell development from a blast cell involve:

A
  1. slow reduction in size
  2. loss of the nucleus to become a reticulocyte

Process occurs in parallel with development of Haemoglobin

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15
Q

Draw the process of erythropoiesis

A
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16
Q

Reticulocytes

A
17
Q

Erythropoiesis is regulated by

A

EPO

18
Q

What things stimulate EPO

A
  • Atmosphere 02 is low
  • Defective cardiac/pulmonary function
  • Damage to the renal circulation
19
Q

EPO levels

A
20
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

Platelet production

21
Q

Draw thrombopoiesis

A
22
Q

Draw granulopoiesis

A

•IL-1, IL3, GM-CSF and M-CSF control proliferation and differentiation.

23
Q

Show the mature granulocytes (Neutrophils and Eosinophils)

A
24
Q

Show the mature granulocytes (Basophils and monocytes)

A
25
Q

Lymphocyte production

A
  • B and T cells – both arise from the Haemopoietic
  • stem cell (IL-7)
26
Q

Describe B-cells and the BCR

A

B cell receptor is membrane bound, after activation secreted as immunoglobulin proteins

IgA, IgG,IgM,IgD,IgE

27
Q

T cells develop in the

A

Thymus

28
Q

Helper T cells express

A

CD4

29
Q

Cytotoxic T cells express

A

CD8

30
Q

What is marrow analysis?

A
  • Status of and capability for blood cell production.
  • Measure blood cell production, to help diagnose:

leukaemia

bone marrow disease

spread of cancer

severe anaemia

Cultured for the presence of microorganisms

31
Q

Obtaining bone marrow

A
  • Hip bone (pelvic bone), but it also can be done from the breastbone, lower leg bone or backbone
  • Cleaned with iodine solution or alcohol. Local aesthetic injected
  • Bone marrow needle is then placed through the skin and into the bone.
  • Bone marrow aspiration
  • Bone marrow biopsy
32
Q

Once aspirated bone marrow is smeared onto a slide and stained for examination:

A

1.Romanowsky stain

2. Pearls Stain

33
Q

Describe the bone marrow

A
  • Cellularity alters throughout life
  • Normal adult will have 50:50 haemopoetic cells to fat
  • In a healthy individual myeloid WBC precursors exceed number of RBC precursors 3:1- varies with disease- M/E ratio
34
Q

M/E Ratio is increased, normal and reduced in these conditions

A
35
Q

What can fluorescence flow cytometry be used for?

A

To identify blood and bone marrow cells according to the presence of CD molecules (glycoprotein’s) on the cells surface or in the cytoplasm.

36
Q

What are the uses of fluorescence flow cytometry?

A

–Panels of markers to confirm diagnosis of malignancies (AML/CLL)

–CD34 counts before marrow harvest

–Minimal residual disease detection.

Haematology and Transfusion (4 decks)

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