Haematuria

Question 1

What are the non-glomerular renal causes of haematuria? (Arising from the kidneys but not specifically the glomerulus)

Answer 1

Infection/inflammation of the kidneys: pyelonephritis, TB
Malignancy non-glomerular
Ischaemic causes: Renal papillary necrosis, renal infarction
Haematuria can also be caused by renal trauma

Question 2

What investigations can be done for haematuria?

Answer 2

1. urine dipstick
2. urine m/c/s
3. stones - urine Ca / uric acid, abdo X-ray
4. renal u/s
5. CT urography/MR urography
   6; CT without contrast
6. Cystoscopy
7. Renal biopsy / fine needle aspirate / cytology

Question 3

What are the causes of haematuria?

Answer 3

1. Glomerular disease
2. Non-glomerular disease
3. Extra-renal disease
4. Iatrogenic

Question 4

What are the glomerular diseases that cause haematuria?

Answer 4

1. Glomerulonephritis
2. Vasculitides
3. Malignant HTN, SLE

Question 5

What imaging can be done to investigate haematuria?

Answer 5

1. Renal ultrasound
2. CT without contrast (best for calculi)
3. CT urography / MR Urography

Question 6

What invasive investigation can be done to evaluate for bladder tumour?

Answer 6

Cystoscopy