Haematuria Flashcards
how is haematuria tested for clinically?
by urine dipstick test
when testing for haematuria, what are the 2 categories?
- visible haematuria: gross haematuria
- non visible haematuria: microscopic haematuria
examples of lower urinary tract symptoms?
hesitancy, frequency, dysuria
examples of upper urinary tract symptoms?
renal colic - loin to groin pain
how much blood needs to be present in urine before the patient can see it?
1ml of blood in 100ml of urine
what contaminants can cause the appearance of red urine?
- menstrual
- food: beetroot, blackberries, rhubarb
- myoglobin in urine
- drugs
- toxins
in what conditions can myoglobin be in the urine?
- rhabdomyolosis
- mcArdfle syndrome
- bywaters syndrome (crush syndrome)
what drugs can give urine a red colour?
- doxyrubicine
- chloroquine
- rifampicin
- nitrofurantoin
- senna containing laxatives
what is nitrofuratoin mostly prescribed for?
UTI
what toxins can cause urine to go red?
lead and mercury
what if present in urine can give it a brown colour?
urobillogen or porphyria
what things can cause urobillogen to be present in urine?
- haemolysis
- icterus
- liver dysfunction
what percentage of people with frank haematuria have cancer?
20-30%
what are the risk factors for malignancy in people with microscopic haematuria?
- smoking
- occupational exposure to chemicals or dyes
- history of gross haematuria
- age over 40
- history of urologic disorder or disease
- history of UTI
- analgesic abuse
what is decompression haematuria?
if patient has urinary retention with big distended bladder and a catheter is put in and urine drained to quickly it can cause damage to blood vessels leading to haematuria
