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Haematology > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Differentiation process that forms all blood cells from haematopoietic stem cells

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2
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in the fetus?

A

In the yolk sac then spleen and liver

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3
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in children?

A

All bone marrow

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4
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in adults?

A

Bone marrow of cranium, pelvis, ribs, vertebrae

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5
Q

What are examples of intracellular help for stem cell growth?

A

Macrophages, fibroblasts, fat cells

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6
Q

The bone marrow environment supports stem cell growth. True or false?

A

True

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7
Q

What are two functions of pluripotent haematopoetic stem cells?

A

They self renew

They differentiate into a variety of cells

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8
Q

What determines the growth path of pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells?

A

The growth factors that are present

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9
Q

What does GM- CSF cause pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells differentiate to?

A

Granulocytes, macrophages

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10
Q

What does erythropoietin induce production of?

A

RBC

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11
Q

What does thrombopoietin induce production of?

A

Megakaryocytes (platelets)

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12
Q

Which cytokine supports a wide range of stem cells?

A

IL-3

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13
Q

Which cytokine supports the production of eosinophils?

A

IL-5

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14
Q

What does M-CSF induce production of?

A

Monocytes

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15
Q

What does G-CSF induce production of?

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

What is granulopoiesis?

A

The production of granulocytes

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17
Q

What can be seen in the circulation if granulopoiesis is hyper stimulated?

A

Band cells

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18
Q

Name the 6 cell phases of granulopoiesis

A 
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band cell
Mature
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19
Q

During granulopoiesis what happens to the cells?

A

Decrease in size
Chromatin condense
Nuclear shape changes
Accumulation of cytoplasmic granules

20
Q

Where and when is Thrombopoietin (TPO) produced?

A

Constantly by the liver

21
Q

What does TPO bind to?

A

Receptors on megakaryocytes and platelets

22
Q

When TPO binds, what happens to it’s blood concentration?

A

Reduces

23
Q

In thrombocytopenia states what happens to the circulating concentration of TPO?

A

Greatly increases

24
Q

What do megakaryocytes release?

A

Platelets

25
Q

What happens to the size of megakaryocytes as they are produced?

A

Increases

26
Q

Where And when is Erythropoietin produced?

A

Kidneys when there is low blood oxygen

27
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

The production of platelets

28
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Production of red blood cells

29
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

The last stage of red blood cell production before maturation

30
Q

In what form does the red blood cell leave the bone marrow?

A

Reticulocyte

31
Q

How are dead erythrocytes got rid of?

A

Phagocytes

32
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

No

33
Q

Wha does transferrin do?

A

Recycles the iron from haemoglobin in erythrocytes back to the bone marrow

34
Q

What happens to iron free haemoglobin and where?

A

Converted to bilirubin by the liver

35
Q

What does it mean if we see normoblasts in circulation?

A

Bone marrow barrier is broken

36
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

Once one of the four chains in haemoglobin has bound to oxygen, the other chains have increased affinity to bind to oxygen.

37
Q

What are two examples of why haemoglobin would have a decreased binding of oxygen (greater release)?

A

Low PH

Increased temperature

38
Q

What is thrombocytopenia and what could cause it?

A

Low platelet concentration in blood. Due to infection, drug, immune mechanism

39
Q

What is thrombocytosis and what could cause it?

A

Excessive number of platelets in the blood, caused by iron deficiency, inflammation, cancer, infection

40
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Reduction of haemoglobin concentration

41
Q

What is a microcytic red blood cell?

A

Low mean cell volume (very small RBC )

42
Q

What is a macrocytic rbc?

A

Rbc with high mean cell volume (large rbc)

43
Q

What is the difference between a hypochromic rbc and a hyperchromic rbc?

A

Hypo- large area of pallor

Hyper- small area of pallor

44
Q

What are the characteristics of iron-deficiency anaemia and symptoms?

A

Hypochromic, microcytic.
Low Hb
Target cells and pencil shaped cells
Brittle nails, pallor of mucous membranes

45
Q

What is the cause of megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Haematopoiesis disorders due to vitamin b12 deficiency or folic acid deficiency

46
Q

What are the two main causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Immune disorder

Drug induced

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