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IIH > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematopoiesis

A

It is the production of circulating blood cells from the bone marrow

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2
Q

Life span of granulocytes

A

<48hrs

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3
Q

Concentration of granulocytes in the blood

A

2-8x10^9

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4
Q

Life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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5
Q

Concentration in the blood

A

5x10^12/L

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6
Q

Life span of platelets

A

7-10days

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7
Q

Concentration of platelets

A

150-450x10^9/L

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8
Q

Lifespan of monocytes

A

Days to weeks depending on differentiation. Some tissue macrophages may last years

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9
Q

Concentration of macrophages in the blood

A

0.5x10^9/L

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10
Q

Lifespan of lymphocytes

A

Days to years depending on whether naive or memory

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11
Q

Concentration of lymphocytes

A

1-4x10/L

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12
Q

What is immunophenotyping

A

Look for specific markers or proteins found on the cell surface or inside the cell DNA be performed on blood or bone marrow looking for a specific cell type

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13
Q

What does the marker CD34 identify and why is it used

A

It identifies a subset of marrow cells including HSCs only small numbers are usually present in the blood but the number is increased when recovering from damage inflicted by cytotoxic drugs following administration of G-CSF for stem cell harvesting for transplant
Helps to identify these cells

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14
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in the fetus

A

Extra embryonic yolk sac
Aorta-gonad-mesonsephros
Liver
Bone marrow

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15
Q

What day does haematopoiesis start in the fetus

A

Day 17

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16
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur in the adult

A 
Bone marrow 
Red and yellow marrow 
Active bone marrow is in the red marrow 
Yellow marrow is adipocytes 
The marrow is found in the medullary cavity - space enclosed by the cortex and traversed by trabeculae
17
Q

When can haematopoiesis occur in other sites a d what sites are those

A

Liver and spleen

Condition called extra medullary haematopoiesis occurs in certain pathologies myelofibrosis or untreated thalassaemia

18
Q

Cell fate choices of a HSC in haematopoiesis

A

Quiescence, self renewal, differentiation

19
Q

Progenitor cell fate choices

A

Proliferation, lineage commitment, terminal differentiation

20
Q

What doe progenitor cells require in order to differentiate into their terminal cell

A

Intrinsic factors- lineage determining TF and their epigenetic regulation
Extrinsic regulators - both cellular an soluble growth factors found in the bone marrow micro environment. These factors are up and down regulated according to certain stimuli.

21
Q

Where can the cellular elements be found

A

Bone marrow stroma

- surrounding bone, network of vascular channels and sinusoids, fat cells, fibrocytes, and extracellular Maria

22
Q

Bone marrow testing samples are taken from where

A

Iliac crest

23
Q

What types of assessment of haematopoiesis are there and what do they assess

A

Bone marrow trephine
Core of BM and is used to examine the overall cellularity and architecture of bone marrow and ECM components
Bone marrow aspirate used to assess morphology/numbers of HSC at different t stages and identify abnormal infiltrates

24
Q

What is the commonly used term for early progenitor cells

A

Blast

25
Q

Platelet progenitor cells

A

Megakaryoblast

Megakaryocyte

26
Q

What is platelet production regulated by

A

TPO
Throbopoietin
Produced by the liver

27
Q

In what instances are platelets transfused and how long do they last

A

Chemotherapy

1-5 days

28
Q

When is it futile to infuse platelets

A

Immune Thrombocytopenia

Only last few hours due to ab against them and spleen clearance

29
Q

What regulates granulocytes and monocytes production

A

G-CSF

GM-CSF

30
Q

What are precursors names for granulocytes and monocytes

A

Promyelocytes
Promonocytes

They have identifiable lineage specific granules that stain - MPO for neutrophil lineage
At the granulocyctic lineage myelocyte stage cells acquire distinctive lysosomal enzymes and other granules required for function

31
Q

Mature granulocytes features

A

Lost chromaitn
Segmented nuclei
Cannot proliferate

32
Q

Monocytes features

A

Retains potential to divide but it appears usual

33
Q

What regulates erythrocytes

A

EPO

From kidneys

34
Q

Nutritional factors and co factors required fro erythropoiesis

A 
Iron 
B12
Folate 
B6
C
E
Cobalt
Manganese 
Amino acids
35
Q

Eosinophils factor

A

IL5

36
Q

Lymphoid cell line factor

A

IL7

37
Q

Hb made up of

A

Porphyrin haem 4poly peptide chains

IIH (1 decks)

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