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3/ IIH > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main classes of blood cells?

A

red cells
platelets
white cells

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2
Q

What are the classes of white cells. give examples of each

A

Lymphoid: T cells, B cells, NK cells
Myeloid: monocytes, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil

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3
Q

Draw the haematopoiesis development tree.

A

See lecture

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4
Q

Describe the structure and function of platelets.

What is their lifespan? What are they removed by?

A
  • no nucleus, granules which secrete substances which control clotting and breakdown of a blood clot
  • they also form part of the blood clot themselves
  • 8-12 days, removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver
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5
Q

Name three granulocytes

A

Neutrophils - engulf bacteria, granules contain lysosyme and myeloperoxidase
Eosinophils - allergy, atopy, parasite infections
Basophils - allergy, atopy

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6
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Can migrate from blood into tissues and become macrophages

Engulf and destroy dead cells, bacteria, protozoa, fungi

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7
Q

What is the general structure of lymphocytes?

What are the three lymphocytes?

A
  • small cells with low granularity
    B cells - develop in bone marrow
    T cells - early progenitor from bone marrow, develop the in thymus
    Natural Killer cells - develop in bone marrow
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8
Q

What are some other cells produced by haematopoesis?

A

dendritic - antigen presenting cells

mast cells - produced in bone marrow but nature in tissues

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9
Q

List the following order of abundance.

- neutrophils, lymphocytes, red cells, platelets

A

red cells 5 x10^12/L
platelets 150-450 x10^9/L
neutrophils 2-8 x10^9/L
lymphocytes 1-4 x10^9/L

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10
Q 
What are the lifespans of the following?
red cells
neutrophils
platelets
lymphocytes
A
  • 120 days
  • <48 hours
  • 8-12 days
  • years?
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11
Q

At what point after fertilisation does haematopoesis begin?

A

17 days

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12
Q

How many cells arise daily from bone marrow?

A

10^12

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13
Q

What is stem cells?

Haemopoetic stem cells are ………potent

A

Can divide indefinitely so it can replenish itself and give rise to specialised, differentiated cells
Multi

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14
Q

What is the pathway from SC’s to mature cells?

A

Stem cells
Progenitor
Precursor
Mature

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15
Q

Where is the site of haematopoesis at the following times?

  • 17 days
  • 2 months
  • 2-7 months
  • 5-9 months
  • Infants
  • Adults
A
  • yolk sac
  • aorta, gonad, mesonephros
  • placenta
  • fetal liver
  • bone marrow
  • virtually all bones
  • axial skeleton
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16
Q

What growth factors are required for progression into each mature cell?

A

erythropoetin (EPO) –> erythrocytes
thrombopoetin (TPO) –> platelets
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) –> monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils

17
Q

What are the granulocyte maturation stages?

A 
myeloblast
promyelocyte
myelocyte
metamyelocyte
band
mature neutrophil
(similar for eosionphils and basophils)
18
Q

What are the monocyte maturation stages?

A

monoblast –> promonocyte –> monocyte

19
Q

Describe the control of erytrhopoesis

A

Low O2 detected in kidneys
EPO released from peritubular interstitial cells of outer cortex
This acts at several stages of erythopoetin maturatoin

20
Q

What are the erythrocyte maturation stages?

A 
proerythroblast
erythroblast
early 
intermediate
late 
reticulocytes 
red cells
21
Q

What is special about a reticulatyte in terms of genetics?

A

Has no nucleus but contains RNA so can make Hb

22
Q

What TF controls platelet production? Where is this realised? Where is the receptpr?

A

TPO
released from the liver
receptor on megakaryoblast, magakaryocyte and platelets

23
Q

What are the platelet maturation stages?

A 
stem cell
megakaryocyte progenitors
immature megakaryocyte
mature megakaryocyte
platelets
24
Q

What are each of the the following growth factors used for in clinical practice?
EPO
TPO

A 
EPO = used to improve anaemia, mainly used for end stage renal disease 
TPO = used when immune system destroys platelets e.g. post chemo, myelodysplasia, thrombocytopenia
25
Q

Define:

  • leukaemias
  • lymphomas
  • myelomas
  • myeloproliferative disease and myelodysplasia
A
  • malignancies of haematopoietic cells which arise in marrow and spread to involve blood, lymph nodes/spleen
  • malignancies of lymphoid cells which arise in lymph nodes /spleen and spread to involve blood and marrow
  • malignancy of plasma cells (in marrow)
  • neoplastic chronic abnormal myeloid proliferation (preleukaemia)
26
Q

What is the difference in causes between acute myeloblastic leakaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A 
AML = maturation arrest causes acute leukaemia
CML = no maturation arrest leads to over-production of mature cells
27
Q

How can leukaemias be classified?

A

lineage e.g. myloid or lymphoid

maturation arrest or not e.g. acute or chronic

3/ IIH (28 decks)

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