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Sustaining life > haematopoiesis > Flashcards

haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

sites of haematopoiesis in fetus

A

yolk sac
liver and spleen
bone marrow

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2
Q

sites of haematopoiesis in infant

A

all bone marrow

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3
Q

sites of haematopoiesis in adult

A

central skeleton
proximal ends of femur etc

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4
Q

what is the start cell in haematopoiesis

A

multipotential hematopoietic stem cell - hemocytoblast

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5
Q

what 2 types of cells can the initial cell in haematopoiesis differentiate into

A

common myeloid progenitor
common lymphoid progenitor

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6
Q

what can a common myeloid progenitor cell differentiate into

A

megakaryocyte
erythrocyte
mast cell
myeloblast

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7
Q

what do megakaryocytes go on to produce

A

platelets

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8
Q

what do myeloblasts differentiate into

A

basophil
neutrophil
eosinophil
monocyte

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9
Q

what are monocytes called when they enter tissue

A

macrophage

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10
Q

what amount of nucleated erythrocytes is abnormal in the blood

A

over 1%

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11
Q

control of haematopoiesis - which factors influence it

A

extrinsic signalling:
-growth factors
-adhesion molecules

intrinsic signalling:
-transcription factors

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12
Q

what do growth factors affect in haematopoiesis

A

cell survival / proliferation
differentiation
maturation
activation

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13
Q

name for formation of red blood cells

A

erythropoiesis

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14
Q

which hormone is erythropoiesis regulated by?
what is this hormone produced by?
what is this hormone regulated by?

A

renal erythropoietin
produced by kidneys
stimulated by tissue oxygen

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15
Q

which growth factor stimulates production of granulocytes (neutrophils)

A

G-CSF (growth colony stimulating factor)

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16
Q

which growth factor stimulates production of macrophages

A

M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor)

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17
Q

which growth factor stimulates production of eosinophils

A

interleukin 5

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18
Q

what is the name of production of platelets

A

thrombopoiesis

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19
Q

where is thrombopoietin made

A

liver

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20
Q

what feedback mechanism is thrombopoiesis a part of

A

mechanism which controls platelet count

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21
Q

which white cells should be present in the blood (in order of most to least common)

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

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22
Q

neutrophil features

A

3-5 lobes (segments of nucleus)
studded vacuoles

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23
Q

lymphocytes features

A

roughly same size of red blood cells

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24
Q

basophil features

A

least common
studded granules in the cytoplasm - hidden nucleus

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25
Q

when are eosinophils high in the blood

A

allergic response, asthma

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26
Q

red blood cell shape checks?

A

same size and shape
area of central pallor

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27
Q

word ending for too much
word ending for too little

A

-cytosis
-cytopenia

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28
Q

red blood cell deficiency

A

anaemia

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29
Q

white blood cell deficiency

A

leucopenia

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30
Q

platelet deficiency

A

thrombocytopenia

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31
Q

red white and platelet deficiency

A

pancytopenia

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32
Q

too many red cells

A

erythrocytosis/polycythaemia

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33
Q

too many white blood cells

A

leucocytosis

34
Q

too many platelets

A

thrombocytosis (or thrombocythemia but less used in uk)

35
Q

anaemia symptoms

A

lethargy - lack energy
breathlessness
chest pain
headache, dizziness
pallor - pale

36
Q

what do anaemia symptoms depend on

A

degree of anaemia, speed, comorbidities

37
Q

examples of anaemia

A

blood loss
reduced RBC production
increased RBC destruction

38
Q

what can cause reduced RBC production

A

deficiency (iron, B12/folate)
malignancy
chronic disease, kidney disease
thalassaemia (haemoglobin chains abnormal)
bone marrow failure

39
Q

increased RBC destruction causes

A

haemolysis (destruction of RBC in circulation)
sickle cell disease

40
Q

what does iron deficiency anaemia look like

A

paler cells
larger central area of pallor
pencil cells (long and thin)
small

41
Q

megaloblastic anaemia causes

A

defective DNA synthesis during RBC production causing cell growth without division

42
Q

features of megaloblastic anaemia

A

cell volume raised leading to cytopenia

43
Q

tests and treatment for megaloblastic anaemia

A

test B12/folate blood levels, replace orally

44
Q

megaloblastic anaemia cell characteristics

A

not many red cells. red cells are oval and neutrophils are hypersegmented

45
Q

where is folate sourced

A

green vegetables

46
Q

what is folate deficiency due to

A

inadequate intake
malabsorption
excess consumption
drugs!

47
Q

where is vitamin B12 sourced

A

meat, dairy, fish

48
Q

what causes vitamin B12 deficiency

A

vegan diet
autoimmune - pernicious anaemia
malabsorption

49
Q

what is haemolytic anaemia causes

A

excessive or premature red cell breakdown by the spleen

50
Q

2 causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

acquired or hereditary

51
Q

what is primary polycythaemia

A

problem with bone marrow control - starts to produce clone of cells that are constantly producing red blood cells

52
Q

primary polycythaemia associated with?

A

thrombosis and risk of progression to malignancy

53
Q

secondary polycythaemia

A

chronic hypoxia or lung disease

54
Q

what is polycythaemia also known as

A

erythrocytosis

55
Q

what is haematocrit

A

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

56
Q

what is relative polycythaemia

A

red blood cells normal, reduced plasma volume.

57
Q

what is relative polycythaemia caused by

A

acute dehydration, alcohol, diuretics

58
Q

other name for white blood cells

A

leucocytes

59
Q

name for too many/too few leucocytes

A

too many - leucocytosis
too few - leucopenia

60
Q

physiological responses (benign) with leucocytosis/leucopenia

A

neutrophilia
monocytosis
eosinophilia

61
Q

neutrophilia causes (physiological - benign)

A

infection, inflammation, malignancy, bone marrow infiltration, steroids, pregnancy

62
Q

monocytosis causes (physiological - benign)

A

acute/chronic infection, connective tissue disease

63
Q

eosinophilia causes (physiological - beign)

A

allergy, parasites, skin disease, drugs

64
Q

main type of leucopaenia

A

neutropenia

65
Q

problems with leucopaenia

A

susceptibility to infection:
recurrent bacterial skin infections
mouth ulcers
overwhelming sepsis
unusual infections

66
Q

problems with leucopoenia

A

susceptibility to infection:
recurrent bacterial skin infections
mouth ulcers
overwhelming sepsis
unusual infections

67
Q

what are the causes of neutropenia

A

viral infections
autoimmune
drug induced
B12/folate deficiency
liver disease

68
Q

primary thrombocytosis?

A

coming from bone marrow - myeloproliferative disorder, cells in bone marrow overproducing platelets

69
Q

secondary thrombocytosis due to?

A

infection/inflammation/surgery
post-splenectomy
iron deficiency
malignancy

70
Q

what is thrombocytopenia symptoms

A

bruising
gum bleeding
nose bleeds
petechiae
prolonged bleeding from cuts

71
Q

what is petechiae

A

type of skin rash - pin point pricks

72
Q

types of thormbocytopenia

A

immune or non immune

73
Q

what is thrombocytopenia due to

A

increased destruction or consumption, or decreased production

74
Q

what can thrombocytopenia due to decreased production be caused by

A

bone marrow failure
B12/folate deficiency
drugs/alcohol
infection
liver disease

75
Q

what is pancytopoenia? is it bad?

A

all blood cell lines reduced. its very bad!

76
Q

what will someone with pancytopenia need

A

blood film reviewed

77
Q

pancytopenia signs

A

severe infection, bleeding (due to thrombocytopenia), infection, anaemia

78
Q

what could pancytopenia due to bone marrow failure be caused by

A

infiltration (eg cancer or TB)
aplastic anaemia, leukaemia, myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis

79
Q

what is myelodysplasia

A

condition where cell lines aren’t working

80
Q

what is aplastic anaemia

A

blood isn’t being formed

Sustaining life (13 decks)

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