haematopoiesis

Question 1

sites of haematopoiesis in fetus

Answer 1

yolk sac
liver and spleen
bone marrow

Question 2

sites of haematopoiesis in infant

Answer 2

all bone marrow

Question 3

sites of haematopoiesis in adult

Answer 3

central skeleton
proximal ends of femur etc

Question 4

what is the start cell in haematopoiesis

Answer 4

multipotential hematopoietic stem cell - hemocytoblast

Question 5

what 2 types of cells can the initial cell in haematopoiesis differentiate into

Answer 5

common myeloid progenitor
common lymphoid progenitor

Question 6

what can a common myeloid progenitor cell differentiate into

Answer 6

megakaryocyte
erythrocyte
mast cell
myeloblast

Question 7

what do megakaryocytes go on to produce

Answer 7

platelets

Question 8

what do myeloblasts differentiate into

Answer 8

basophil
neutrophil
eosinophil
monocyte

Question 9

what are monocytes called when they enter tissue

Answer 9

macrophage

Question 10

what amount of nucleated erythrocytes is abnormal in the blood

Answer 10

over 1%

Question 11

control of haematopoiesis - which factors influence it

Answer 11

extrinsic signalling:
-growth factors
-adhesion molecules

intrinsic signalling:
-transcription factors

Question 12

what do growth factors affect in haematopoiesis

Answer 12

cell survival / proliferation
differentiation
maturation
activation

Question 13

name for formation of red blood cells

Answer 13

erythropoiesis

Question 14

which hormone is erythropoiesis regulated by?
what is this hormone produced by?
what is this hormone regulated by?

Answer 14

renal erythropoietin
produced by kidneys
stimulated by tissue oxygen

Question 15

which growth factor stimulates production of granulocytes (neutrophils)

Answer 15

G-CSF (growth colony stimulating factor)

Question 16

which growth factor stimulates production of macrophages

Answer 16

M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor)

Question 17

which growth factor stimulates production of eosinophils

Answer 17

interleukin 5

Question 18

what is the name of production of platelets

Answer 18

thrombopoiesis

Question 19

where is thrombopoietin made

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

what feedback mechanism is thrombopoiesis a part of

Answer 20

mechanism which controls platelet count

Question 21

which white cells should be present in the blood (in order of most to least common)

Answer 21

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

Question 22

neutrophil features

Answer 22

3-5 lobes (segments of nucleus)
studded vacuoles

Question 23

lymphocytes features

Answer 23

roughly same size of red blood cells

Question 24

basophil features

Answer 24

least common
studded granules in the cytoplasm - hidden nucleus

Question 25

when are eosinophils high in the blood

Answer 25

allergic response, asthma

Question 26

red blood cell shape checks?

Answer 26

same size and shape area of central pallor

Question 27

word ending for too much word ending for too little

Answer 27

-cytosis -cytopenia

Question 28

red blood cell deficiency

Answer 28

anaemia

Question 29

white blood cell deficiency

Answer 29

leucopenia

Question 30

platelet deficiency

Answer 30

thrombocytopenia

Question 31

red white and platelet deficiency

Answer 31

pancytopenia

Question 32

too many red cells

Answer 32

erythrocytosis/polycythaemia

Question 33

too many white blood cells

Answer 33

leucocytosis

Question 34

too many platelets

Answer 34

thrombocytosis (or thrombocythemia but less used in uk)

Question 35

anaemia symptoms

Answer 35

lethargy - lack energy breathlessness chest pain headache, dizziness pallor - pale

Question 36

what do anaemia symptoms depend on

Answer 36

degree of anaemia, speed, comorbidities

Question 37

examples of anaemia

Answer 37

blood loss reduced RBC production increased RBC destruction

Question 38

what can cause reduced RBC production

Answer 38

deficiency (iron, B12/folate) malignancy chronic disease, kidney disease thalassaemia (haemoglobin chains abnormal) bone marrow failure

Question 39

increased RBC destruction causes

Answer 39

haemolysis (destruction of RBC in circulation) sickle cell disease

Question 40

what does iron deficiency anaemia look like

Answer 40

paler cells larger central area of pallor pencil cells (long and thin) small

Question 41

megaloblastic anaemia causes

Answer 41

defective DNA synthesis during RBC production causing cell growth without division

Question 42

features of megaloblastic anaemia

Answer 42

cell volume raised leading to cytopenia

Question 43

tests and treatment for megaloblastic anaemia

Answer 43

test B12/folate blood levels, replace orally

Question 44

megaloblastic anaemia cell characteristics

Answer 44

not many red cells. red cells are oval and neutrophils are hypersegmented

Question 45

where is folate sourced

Answer 45

green vegetables

Question 46

what is folate deficiency due to

Answer 46

inadequate intake malabsorption excess consumption drugs!

Question 47

where is vitamin B12 sourced

Answer 47

meat, dairy, fish

Question 48

what causes vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 48

vegan diet autoimmune - pernicious anaemia malabsorption

Question 49

what is haemolytic anaemia causes

Answer 49

excessive or premature red cell breakdown by the spleen

Question 50

2 causes of haemolytic anaemia

Answer 50

acquired or hereditary

Question 51

what is primary polycythaemia

Answer 51

problem with bone marrow control - starts to produce clone of cells that are constantly producing red blood cells

Question 52

primary polycythaemia associated with?

Answer 52

thrombosis and risk of progression to malignancy

Question 53

secondary polycythaemia

Answer 53

chronic hypoxia or lung disease

Question 54

what is polycythaemia also known as

Answer 54

erythrocytosis

Question 55

what is haematocrit

Answer 55

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

Question 56

what is relative polycythaemia

Answer 56

red blood cells normal, reduced plasma volume.

Question 57

what is relative polycythaemia caused by

Answer 57

acute dehydration, alcohol, diuretics

Question 58

other name for white blood cells

Answer 58

leucocytes

Question 59

name for too many/too few leucocytes

Answer 59

too many - leucocytosis too few - leucopenia

Question 60

physiological responses (benign) with leucocytosis/leucopenia

Answer 60

neutrophilia monocytosis eosinophilia

Question 61

neutrophilia causes (physiological - benign)

Answer 61

infection, inflammation, malignancy, bone marrow infiltration, steroids, pregnancy

Question 62

monocytosis causes (physiological - benign)

Answer 62

acute/chronic infection, connective tissue disease

Question 63

eosinophilia causes (physiological - beign)

Answer 63

allergy, parasites, skin disease, drugs

Question 64

main type of leucopaenia

Answer 64

neutropenia

Question 65

problems with leucopaenia

Answer 65

susceptibility to infection: recurrent bacterial skin infections mouth ulcers overwhelming sepsis unusual infections

Question 66

problems with leucopoenia

Answer 66

susceptibility to infection: recurrent bacterial skin infections mouth ulcers overwhelming sepsis unusual infections

Question 67

what are the causes of neutropenia

Answer 67

viral infections autoimmune drug induced B12/folate deficiency liver disease

Question 68

primary thrombocytosis?

Answer 68

coming from bone marrow - myeloproliferative disorder, cells in bone marrow overproducing platelets

Question 69

secondary thrombocytosis due to?

Answer 69

infection/inflammation/surgery post-splenectomy iron deficiency malignancy

Question 70

what is thrombocytopenia symptoms

Answer 70

bruising gum bleeding nose bleeds petechiae prolonged bleeding from cuts

Question 71

what is petechiae

Answer 71

type of skin rash - pin point pricks

Question 72

types of thormbocytopenia

Answer 72

immune or non immune

Question 73

what is thrombocytopenia due to

Answer 73

increased destruction or consumption, or decreased production

Question 74

what can thrombocytopenia due to decreased production be caused by

Answer 74

bone marrow failure B12/folate deficiency drugs/alcohol infection liver disease

Question 75

what is pancytopoenia? is it bad?

Answer 75

all blood cell lines reduced. its very bad!

Question 76

what will someone with pancytopenia need

Answer 76

blood film reviewed

Question 77

pancytopenia signs

Answer 77

severe infection, bleeding (due to thrombocytopenia), infection, anaemia

Question 78

what could pancytopenia due to bone marrow failure be caused by

Answer 78

infiltration (eg cancer or TB) aplastic anaemia, leukaemia, myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis

Question 79

what is myelodysplasia

Answer 79

condition where cell lines aren't working

Question 80

what is aplastic anaemia

Answer 80

blood isn't being formed