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3rd, 1st > Haematology Theory > Flashcards

Haematology Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

It is an important and normal part of the body defense mechanism that aims to restore the immune homeostasis

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2
Q

What happens within 30-60 min of inflammation?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are recruited to the site of injury for phagocytozin pathogen/damaged tissue

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3
Q

What happens within 4-6 hrs of inflammation?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes recruited to site of injury ti enhance phagocytoces and present antigens for T cells to initiate specific response through antibody production

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4
Q

What will happen if the cause of inflammation persists?

What if polymorphonuclear fail to clear the cause of inflammation?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes recruited to site of injury ti enhance phagocytoces and present antigens for T cells to initiate specific response through antibody production

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5
Q

What is the role of macrophages and lymphocyte during inflammation?

A

If the cause of inflamation persist Macrophages and lymphocytes recruited to site of injury ti enhance phagocytoces and present antigens for T cells to initiate specific response through antibody production

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6
Q

What happens within 5-7 days of inflammation/injury?

A

Antibodys are detected in the serum

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7
Q

When does inflammation initiated?

A

Once immune cells express PRR(pattern recognition receptors) binding to PAMPs ( pathogen associated molecular pattern)

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8
Q

What happens Once immune cells express PRR(pattern recognition receptors) binding to PAMPs ( pathogen associated molecular pattern)?

A

1-Inflammation initiated

2- release of proinflammatory cytokines ( IL-1. IL-6. TNF-alpha)

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9
Q

What is the result of releasing proinflammatory cytokines?

A

Liver is triggered to release C- reactive protiens , activation complement

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10
Q

What are the major symptoms of inflammation?

A

Pain, heat, redness

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11
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

When immune system is unable to clear the cause of inflammation and return normal

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12
Q

What are the proinflammatory cytokines released after binding PRR to PAMPs?

A

IL-1 , IL-6 , TNF-alpha

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13
Q

What is complement?

A

Group of more than 30 protiens , produced in the liver , soluble , kills pathogens,have 3 activation pathways.

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14
Q

Where does complement produced?

A

Liver

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15
Q

What are the steps of complement system ?

A

1- stimulation and initiation
2- Amplification cascade
3- biological activities

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16
Q

What are the three pathways of complement activation?

A

1- lectin pathway
2- classical pathway
3- alternative pathway

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17
Q

When does the complement cascade starts?

A

By the formation of C3 convertase

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18
Q

The Lectin pathway is apart of …………..system
a- innate
b- adaptive
c- both of them

A

innate

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19
Q

The classical pathway is apart of …………..system
a- innate
b- adaptive
c- both of them

A

c- both of them

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20
Q

The alternative pathway is apart of …………..system
a- innate
b- adaptive
c- both of them

A

a-innate

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21
Q

What are receptors involved in lectin pathway?

A

Mannose binding lectin (MBL)

Ficolins

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22
Q

MBL is homologous to ………..

A

C1q

23
Q

What is the role of MBL in lectin pathway?

A

Binds to the sugars or carbohydrates on the surface of the pathogen

24
Q

Why classical intitation pathway is considered as innate and adaptive immune system?

A

Because C1 complex can either bind directly to the surface of the pathogen or to antibodies on the surfae (IgG, IgM)

25
Q

What is C1complex composed of ?

A

6 identical subunits of C1q , 2 of C1s, 2of C1r

26
Q

What cleaves C4,C2

A

The enzymatic form of C1s

27
Q

When does alternative pathway initiate?

A

By the cleavege if C3 by hydrolysis

28
Q

What is the result from C3 cleavage that is used in alternative pathway?

A

C3b

29
Q

C3b binds to ………….,.

A

Proteins and carbohydrates on the surface of the cell

30
Q

What happens once C3b binds to Proteins and carbohydrates on the surface of the cell?

A

Factor B bind to it forming C3bB

31
Q

How does factor B cleaved?

A

By factor D producing C3bBb

32
Q

What is the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway?

A

C3bBb

33
Q

What is the enzymatic pathway of lectin and classical pathway?

A

C4 is cleaved into C4a, C4b
The C4b binds to the surface of the antigen
C2 is cleaved , C2a binds to C4b formin the C3 convertase(C4bC2a)

34
Q

What is the most abundant complement protien?

A

C3

35
Q

Describe the enzymatic cascade of alternative pathway.

A

C3b is attached to the surface of the pathogen, factor B attached to C3b , factor D cleaves factor B ——> C3bBb “C3 convertase”

36
Q

Describe the enzymatic cascade step 2 for lectin and classical pathway.

A

C3 is cleaved by C3 convertase( C4b2a) ——-> C4b2a3b “C5 convertase” then C5 is added and cleaved ——-> C5a C5b C3a

37
Q

Describe the enzymatic cascade step 2 of the alternative pathway.

A

C3 is cleaved by C3 convertase( C3bBb) ——-> C3(b2)Bb “C5 convertase” then C5 is added and cleaved ——-> C5a C5b C3a

38
Q

What are the biological effector activities result from complement cascade ?

A

Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Membrane attack

39
Q

What are protiens resulted from complement cascade ?

A

C3a C5a C5b

40
Q

What is the role of C3a and C5a in inflammatory?

A

They produce local inflammatory responce and bind to mast cells and endothelial cells

41
Q

What cells do C3a and C5a bind to?

A

Mast and endothelial cells

42
Q

What are complement protiens involved in inflammation?

A

C3a ,C5a

43
Q

What is the function of releaes local inflammatory response produced by C3a ,C5a during inflammation?

A

They increase vascular permability
They induce phagocytosis
The induce releasing histamen and TNF- alpha leads to recruiting phagocytic cells , complement antibody

44
Q

What does phagocytosis denpend on?

A

It depends on the recognition of complement components by complement receptors

45
Q

What is the main opsonization protien?

A

C3b

46
Q

What are complement receptors involved in phagocytosis?

A

CR1 CR3

47
Q

What is the primary complement protien involved in forming membrane attack complex( MAC)?

A

C5b

48
Q

What happens during MAC?

A

C5b bind to C6 C7 and the complex C5b67 binds to the cell surface through C7 then C8 ,C9 bind to the complex
10-15 molecules bind to the complex forming a pore in the pathogen membrane

49
Q

Why regulating complement is important?

A

To avoid uncontrolled inflammation

To avoid vilneraibilty to infectious diseses

50
Q

What are the types of regulation of complement?

A

Positive

Negative

51
Q

What are positive regulation factors?

A

Factor P it Stabilise C3 convertase during alternative pathway

52
Q

What is the role of factor P?

A

Stabilise C3 convertase during alternative pathway

53
Q

List some negative regulation factors

A 
FactorI
Factor H 
C1 inhibitor
C4binding protein “C4BP”
Decay accelerating factor “DAF”

3rd, 1st (4 decks)

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