Haematology Theory

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

It is an important and normal part of the body defense mechanism that aims to restore the immune homeostasis

Question 2

What happens within 30-60 min of inflammation?

Answer 2

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are recruited to the site of injury for phagocytozin pathogen/damaged tissue

Question 3

What happens within 4-6 hrs of inflammation?

Answer 3

Macrophages and lymphocytes recruited to site of injury ti enhance phagocytoces and present antigens for T cells to initiate specific response through antibody production

Question 4

What will happen if the cause of inflammation persists?

What if polymorphonuclear fail to clear the cause of inflammation?

Answer 4

Macrophages and lymphocytes recruited to site of injury ti enhance phagocytoces and present antigens for T cells to initiate specific response through antibody production

Question 5

What is the role of macrophages and lymphocyte during inflammation?

Answer 5

If the cause of inflamation persist Macrophages and lymphocytes recruited to site of injury ti enhance phagocytoces and present antigens for T cells to initiate specific response through antibody production

Question 6

What happens within 5-7 days of inflammation/injury?

Answer 6

Antibodys are detected in the serum

Question 7

When does inflammation initiated?

Answer 7

Once immune cells express PRR(pattern recognition receptors) binding to PAMPs ( pathogen associated molecular pattern)

Question 8

What happens Once immune cells express PRR(pattern recognition receptors) binding to PAMPs ( pathogen associated molecular pattern)?

Answer 8

1-Inflammation initiated

2- release of proinflammatory cytokines ( IL-1. IL-6. TNF-alpha)

Question 9

What is the result of releasing proinflammatory cytokines?

Answer 9

Liver is triggered to release C- reactive protiens , activation complement

Question 10

What are the major symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 10

Pain, heat, redness

Question 11

What is chronic inflammation?

Answer 11

When immune system is unable to clear the cause of inflammation and return normal

Question 12

What are the proinflammatory cytokines released after binding PRR to PAMPs?

Answer 12

IL-1 , IL-6 , TNF-alpha

Question 13

What is complement?

Answer 13

Group of more than 30 protiens , produced in the liver , soluble , kills pathogens,have 3 activation pathways.

Question 14

Where does complement produced?

Answer 14

Liver

Question 15

What are the steps of complement system ?

Answer 15

1- stimulation and initiation
2- Amplification cascade
3- biological activities

Question 16

What are the three pathways of complement activation?

Answer 16

1- lectin pathway
2- classical pathway
3- alternative pathway

Question 17

When does the complement cascade starts?

Answer 17

By the formation of C3 convertase

Question 18

The Lectin pathway is apart of …………..system
a- innate
b- adaptive
c- both of them

Answer 18

innate

Question 19

The classical pathway is apart of …………..system
a- innate
b- adaptive
c- both of them

Answer 19

c- both of them

Question 20

The alternative pathway is apart of …………..system
a- innate
b- adaptive
c- both of them

Answer 20

a-innate

Question 21

What are receptors involved in lectin pathway?

Answer 21

Mannose binding lectin (MBL)

Ficolins

Question 22

MBL is homologous to ………..

Answer 22

C1q

Question 23

What is the role of MBL in lectin pathway?

Answer 23

Binds to the sugars or carbohydrates on the surface of the pathogen

Question 24

Why classical intitation pathway is considered as innate and adaptive immune system?

Answer 24

Because C1 complex can either bind directly to the surface of the pathogen or to antibodies on the surfae (IgG, IgM)

Question 25

What is C1complex composed of ?

Answer 25

6 identical subunits of C1q , 2 of C1s, 2of C1r

Question 26

What cleaves C4,C2

Answer 26

The enzymatic form of C1s

Question 27

When does alternative pathway initiate?

Answer 27

By the cleavege if C3 by hydrolysis

Question 28

What is the result from C3 cleavage that is used in alternative pathway?

Answer 28

C3b

Question 29

C3b binds to .............,.

Answer 29

Proteins and carbohydrates on the surface of the cell

Question 30

What happens once C3b binds to Proteins and carbohydrates on the surface of the cell?

Answer 30

Factor B bind to it forming C3bB

Question 31

How does factor B cleaved?

Answer 31

By factor D producing C3bBb

Question 32

What is the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway?

Answer 32

C3bBb

Question 33

What is the enzymatic pathway of lectin and classical pathway?

Answer 33

C4 is cleaved into C4a, C4b The C4b binds to the surface of the antigen C2 is cleaved , C2a binds to C4b formin the C3 convertase(C4bC2a)

Question 34

What is the most abundant complement protien?

Answer 34

C3

Question 35

Describe the enzymatic cascade of alternative pathway.

Answer 35

C3b is attached to the surface of the pathogen, factor B attached to C3b , factor D cleaves factor B ——> C3bBb “C3 convertase”

Question 36

Describe the enzymatic cascade step 2 for lectin and classical pathway.

Answer 36

C3 is cleaved by C3 convertase( C4b2a) ——-> C4b2a3b “C5 convertase” then C5 is added and cleaved ——-> C5a C5b C3a

Question 37

Describe the enzymatic cascade step 2 of the alternative pathway.

Answer 37

C3 is cleaved by C3 convertase( C3bBb) ——-> C3(b2)Bb “C5 convertase” then C5 is added and cleaved ——-> C5a C5b C3a

Question 38

What are the biological effector activities result from complement cascade ?

Answer 38

Inflammation Phagocytosis Membrane attack

Question 39

What are protiens resulted from complement cascade ?

Answer 39

C3a C5a C5b

Question 40

What is the role of C3a and C5a in inflammatory?

Answer 40

They produce local inflammatory responce and bind to mast cells and endothelial cells

Question 41

What cells do C3a and C5a bind to?

Answer 41

Mast and endothelial cells

Question 42

What are complement protiens involved in inflammation?

Answer 42

C3a ,C5a

Question 43

What is the function of releaes local inflammatory response produced by C3a ,C5a during inflammation?

Answer 43

They increase vascular permability They induce phagocytosis The induce releasing histamen and TNF- alpha leads to recruiting phagocytic cells , complement antibody

Question 44

What does phagocytosis denpend on?

Answer 44

It depends on the recognition of complement components by complement receptors

Question 45

What is the main opsonization protien?

Answer 45

C3b

Question 46

What are complement receptors involved in phagocytosis?

Answer 46

CR1 CR3

Question 47

What is the primary complement protien involved in forming membrane attack complex( MAC)?

Answer 47

C5b

Question 48

What happens during MAC?

Answer 48

C5b bind to C6 C7 and the complex C5b67 binds to the cell surface through C7 then C8 ,C9 bind to the complex 10-15 molecules bind to the complex forming a pore in the pathogen membrane

Question 49

Why regulating complement is important?

Answer 49

To avoid uncontrolled inflammation | To avoid vilneraibilty to infectious diseses

Question 50

What are the types of regulation of complement?

Answer 50

Positive | Negative

Question 51

What are positive regulation factors?

Answer 51

Factor P it Stabilise C3 convertase during alternative pathway

Question 52

What is the role of factor P?

Answer 52

Stabilise C3 convertase during alternative pathway

Question 53

List some negative regulation factors

Answer 53

``` FactorI Factor H C1 inhibitor C4binding protein “C4BP” Decay accelerating factor “DAF” ```