Haematology - SEE LECTURE WEEKS

Question 1

What is the the main difference between acute and chronic?

Answer 1

Acute

• Primitive cells increase
• Acute presentation of 2-3 weeks
• Leads to BM failure

Chronic

• Mature cells increase
• Chronic presentation
• Organomegaly

Question 2

What happens in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and how do they present?

Answer 2

This is a cancer of the myeloid germ line which fill up the bone marrow causing failure

Pale, tired, recurrent infections, weight loss - All a result from depletion of these cells. It is too quick for organomegaly

Question 3

What do the bloods of AML show?

How is it treated?

Answer 3

Anaemia

Neutropenia

Thrombocytopenia

AUER RODS

Chemo to wipe out the BM

Question 4

What happens in Acute Lymphobastic Leukemia (ALL) and how do they present?

Answer 4

This is a cancer of the lymphoid line causing lots of immature lymphocytes which fill the bone marrow

Pale, tired, recurrent infections, night sweats = All a result from depletion of these cells. It is too quick for organomegaly

Question 7

What chromosomal mutation is associated with chronic myeloid leukemia?

Answer 7

Philapelphia translocation

ACTIVATED TYROSINE KINASE

Question 9

Who commonly get ALL and how is it treated?

Answer 9

Children

Chemo to wipe out the BM and let healthy cells grow back

Question 10

What cell types increase in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

Answer 10

All the granulocytes

Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

Question 12

What are the symptom/features of chronic myeloid leukemia?

Answer 12

Leukocytosis

Hypercatabolic state - fever, night sweats

Question 13

What is a lymphoma?

What are the symptoms?

Answer 13

A lymphocyte cancer originating in the spleen or lymph nodes - They are B cell tumours (antibodies) which cause B symptoms

Symptoms - Fever, night sweats, weight loss

Question 14

Who tends to get Chronic Lymphocitic leukemia (CLL)?

Answer 14

Elderly

Question 15

How is Chronic Lymphocitic leukemia (CLL) often found?

Answer 15

By chance in blood results

SMUDGE CELLS

Question 16

What is the difference between hodgkins and non hodgekins lymphoma?

Answer 16

Hodgkins has Reed Stenberg cells

Question 17

What would the blood results show if someone had Chronic Lymphocitic leukemia (CLL)?

Answer 17

Raised T and B cells

Question 18

What are the symptoms of Chronic Lymphocitic leukemia (CLL)??

Answer 18

May be none, or recurrent infections, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly as B cells clog the systems

Question 20

What are the symptoms of lymphoma?

Answer 20

Fever, WL, night sweats, hepatosplenomagaly

visual lump

Question 21

What is the treatment for lymphoma?

Answer 21

Chemo/Radiotherapy

Question 23

What are myelodysplasias?

Answer 23

Abnormal stem cells of all bone marrow

They usually affect the elderly and are malignant changes in the BM which may become AML

Question 24

Who usually gets myelodysplasias?

Answer 24

They usually affect the elderly and are malignant changes in BM

Question 25

What are myeloproliferative disorders?

What are they?

Answer 25

Malignant change in BM causing overproduction of NORMAL cells

• CLL
• Essential thrombocythemia
• Polycythaemia Rubra Vera

Question 26

What is Multiple Myeloma?

How is it diagnosed?

What are the symptoms?

Answer 26

1) Immunoglobulin tumour usually of IgG or IgA
2) PE - Raised monoclonal IGs

BJP - Light Chains

Skeletal survey - Punched out lesions

3) AKI/Fractures/hypercalcamia/hyperviscosity/Bone pain/Anaemia and infection