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Haematology > Haematology Physiology > Flashcards

Haematology Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the broad steps of Haemotopoiesis?

A

Pluripotent Haematopoietic stem cells

1) –> Uncommitted Stem Cells –> Myeloid Cells
2) –> Lymphocyte Stem Cells –> Lymphocytes

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2
Q

What are the myeloid cells? [6]

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Platelets
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
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3
Q

What are the lymphoid cells? [5]

A 
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
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4
Q

What hormone drives RBC production?

RBC lifespan

A

Erythropoietin

120 days

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5
Q

What hormone drives platelet production and where’s it made?

Lifespan of a platelet?

A

Thrombopoietin made in the liver

7 days

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6
Q

What drives neutrophil production? [2]

A

Stimulated:

  • Interleukins
  • Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)
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7
Q

Lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

1-2days

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8
Q

What can we use to improve neutrophil number? [2]

A

G-CSF in neutropenia

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9
Q

Function of the following myeloid cells:
Neutrophils [2]
Eosinophils [2]
Basophils [1]

A

Neutrophils - target bacteria and fungi
Eosinophils:
- Target parasites that are too big to be phagocytosed
- Modulate allergic inflammatory responses
Basophils: release histamine for inflammatory responses

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10
Q

How does the body identify different lymphocytes?

A

By surface antigen (aka CD markers)

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11
Q

What do the different lymphocytes do and where are they matured? [3]

A

B cells make antibodies. Mature in marrow

T cells split into helper, cytotoxic, regulatory
Mature in Thymus

NK cells: kill virus-infected and tumor cells

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12
Q

From what process in the development of T cells do lymphoma’s arise?

A

DNA recombination during production. This process ensures all lymphocytes are a little different
But it can go wrong leading to lymphoma

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13
Q

What is T cell +ve selection?

A

If gene rearrangement results in a functional receptor the cell is allowed to survive

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14
Q

What is T cell -ve selection?

A

Gene rearrangement leads to a self-recognising T cell which is then killed

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15
Q

How do our bodies identify self cells?

A

By HLA surface antigens

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16
Q

What are the types of HLA?

A

Class 1 - Displays own antigens on all nucleated cells

Class 2 - displays the antigens eaten by antigen-presenting cells

17
Q

What’s the normal range for Haemoglobin, platelets & WBC?

A

WBC 4-10 x10^9/L
Platelets 150-400 x10^9/L

Haemoglobin 140-180 in men or 120-160g/L in women

18
Q

What are the consequences of hypersplenism?

A

Pancytopenia

19
Q

What are the consequences of hyposplenism?

A

Capsulated Bacteria Infection

Red Cell Changes

20
Q

Describe the process of a red cell being created?

A

Haemotocytoblast (stem cell)

  • Proerythroblast (committed cell)
  • Erythroblast
  • Normoblast
  • Reticulocyte (released into blood)
  • Erythrocyte
21
Q

What components are required in RBC production [4]

A

Metals
Vitamins
Amino acids
Hormones

22
Q

What metals are required for RBCs? [4]
What vitamins are required to make RBCs? [6]
What hormones are essential to RBC development? [4]

A 
Metals - iron, copper, cobalt, manganese
Vitamins - B12, folic acid, thiamine B1, B6, C, E
Hormones
- Erythropoietin
- GM-CSF
- Androgens, thyroxine
- SCF
23
Q

What cell breaks down RBCs? [2]

A

Macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system tissues i.e. spleen, liver, lymph nodes etc

24
Q

What becomes of haemoglobin after a RBC is broken down? [3]

A

Globin –> Amino acids (recycled)
Haem –> Iron (recycled)
Heme –> Bilirubin (excreted) - conjugated in liver

25
Q

How does iron enter from the gut? [2]

A

Bound to enterocytes and transported to the plasma by ferroportin protein

26
Q

What happens to Fe once it enters circulation? [2]

A

Transported around by transferrin

Then it’s stored in tissues as ferritin

27
Q

What does Hepcidin do? [2]

A

Blocks ferroportin causing decreased iron absorption

It’s produced by hepatocytes in response to inflammation and high iron levels

28
Q

What factors can lower haemoglobin affinity for O2? [4]

A

Acidosis
Hyperythermia
Higher DPG
Hypercapnia

29
Q

What makes up a normal adult haemoglobin (HbA)? [3]

A

1 Haem Molecule
2 Alpha globin chains
2 Beta globin chains

Haematology (11 decks)

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