Haematology Glossary and Definitions Flashcards
What is haemopoeisis / haematopoeisis?
General aspects of blood cell formation
What do all blood cells originate from?
Haemopoietic stem cells which reside in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood
What does the pluripotent stem cell differentiate into in the bone marrow?
-The myeloid lineage which gives rise to all myeloid cells- erythrocytes and granulocytes
-The lymphoid lineage which gives rise to the development of T and B lymphocytes
What are totipotent cells?
-Embryonic stem cells
-Become new cells
-Cells from the inner cell mass of the blasocyst in the early embryo are able to generate all the tissues of the body
What is a stem cell?
A cell capable of both replacing itself and giving rise to progeny
What is proliferation?
The process of cell growth and cell division leading to the expansion of cell population
What is differentiation?
When stem cells give rise to specialised cells
What is a pluripotent stem cell?
A stem cell capable of giving rise to various specialised cells e.g haemopoietic stem cell which gives rise to cells of both lymphoid and myeloid lineages
What parts of the cell take get stained in a Haematoxylin and Eosin stain?
Haematoxylin - basic take up this
Eosin - acidic take up this
What is a common lymphoid progenitor?
A progenitor cell capable of giving rise to all lymphoid cells
What is a common myeloid progenitor and what is it also known as?
-Also known as the multipotent myeloid stem cell
-A progenitor cell capable of giving rise to all myeloid cells
What does a progenitor cell arise from and what will it give rise to?
-Progenitor cell arise from stem cells in bone marrow and are only recognisable by cell culture techniques
-Progenitor cells will giv erise to microscopically recognised precursor cells
-Progenitor cells aree referred to as Colony Forming Units
What is a colony?
A group of cells derived from a single cell when progenitor cells are cultured in vitro
What is a CFU?
Colony forming unit - a progenitor cell which can give rise to a colony of cells on invitro culture - also known as colony forming cells
What is a CFU-E?
An erythroid progenitor cell that can give rise to a colony of erythroid cells when cultured in vitro
What is a CFU-G?
A progenitor cell that can give rise to a colony of granulocyte lineage when cultured in vitro
What is a CFU-GM?
A progenitor cell that can give rise to a mixed colony of cells of both granulocyte and monocyte lineages when cultured in vitro
What is a CFU-Mega?
A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that can give rise to a colony of cells of megakaryocyte (produce platelets) lineage when cultured in vitro
What comes from Megakaryocytes?
Megakaryocytes are the cells from which platelets are produced
What is a bust forming unit erythroid (BFU-E)?
An earlier erythroid progenitor cell which gives rise to a number of erythroid colony forming units erythroid (CFU-E) which will eventually result in the production of the mature RBC
Why are cell culture techniques used?
In an attempt to recreate the bone marrow environment in a culture dish
What are the different assays employed for haemopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells?
Colony forming unit culture assay (CFU-C), Long term culture initiating assay (LTCIC) and repopulation assay
Principle of Cell Culture:
-Cells and Tissue are grown in a medium containing nutrients (amino acids, carbs, minerals, salts, growth factors, hormones) and growth factors
-Cells are grown under controlled conditions outside their normal environment (controlled temp, pH, osmotic pressure)
-Growth surface can be as a monolayer or in suspension
What can be used as a nutrient source?
Foetal bovine serum
Look at cell culture methods slide 25
Why do haematological malignancies occur?
e.g leukaemia, lymphoma
-generally are as a result of genetic mutations that affect the haematological stem cell or any of its committed progeny such as progenitor cells
-stem cells can be harvested from blood or marrow and may be used to treat some patients w haematological malignancies
What is a CSF and give an example of this?
Colony stimulating factor ; haemopoietic stimulating or growth factors
e.g erythropoietin which is a growth factor for red cell production
What is a Cytokine?
A group of low molecular weight soluble proteins that act as messengers within the immune system and between the immune system and other systems regulating process such as Haemopoiesis, inflammatory response, wound healing
What are examples of cytokines?
Interleukins, chemokines, interferons
What is an interleukin?
A cytokine secreted by one type of leucocyte that has an effect mainly on other leucocytes
What compartments do most models of haemopoiesis include?
- Pluripotent stem cell with the capacity for self renewal
- Progenitor cells which give rise to different lineages
- Progenitor cells which give rise to one lineage
(these cells all identified by culture techniques)
